ArticleNature reviews. Cancer2024
Hallmarks of sex bias in immuno-oncology: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.
Article in Nature reviews. Cancer, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers.
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Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed.
- Twenty-year survival outcomes after multipeptide vaccination for resected high-risk melanoma: A post-hoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial.International journal of cancer · 2025Trial
- Sex-based survival differences in patients with untreated advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma receiving chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors: a meta-analysis.ESMO gastrointestinal oncology · 2026Review
- BOMIFA: biologically informed multi-omics integration with graph contrastive learning for cancer prognosis in women.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2026Article
- Age and sex differences in the global cancer burden.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2026Article
- Sex differences in non-reproductive cancers: mechanistic roles of sex-hormone signaling.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- GABA signaling activation drives glioblastoma progression in female mice through myeloid-derived suppressor cells.Nature cancer · 2026Article
- A pan-cancer single-cell atlas uncovers the role of sex hormones and chromosomes in sex-divergent reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- A proteogenomic RNA processing mechanism drives sex differences in meningioma.Research square · 2026Article
- Hormonal Status May Contribute to Sex-Based Survival Differences in Epithelioid Peritoneal Mesothelioma.Annals of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- ASO Author Reflections: Hormonal Status May Impact Outcomes in Peritoneal Mesothelioma After CRS/HIPEC.Annals of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- A retrospective pharmacovigilance analysis based on the FAERS database reveals sex-associated differences in toxicities of CAR T-cell therapy.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Male sex hormone loss aids brain tumour growth.Nature · 2026Article
- A comprehensive review of sex differences in the clinical outcomes to immunotherapy on solid tumors.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Review
- Localization of dendritic cells and T cells within the tumor microenvironment in different types of skin cancer.Histochemistry and cell biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Radiation as an immune modulator: mechanisms and implications for combination with immunotherapy.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2026Review
- AI-driven body composition atlas reveals its association with NSCLC immunotherapy outcome and molecular background: a multicenter study.NPJ precision oncology · 2026Article
- A global multidimensional analysis of the chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy clinical trial landscape and development trends.Biomarker research · 2026Article
- Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Is Associated With Sex-specific Immune Response.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Sex differences are present across multiple non-reproductive organ cancers, with male individuals generally experiencing higher incidence of cancer with poorer outcomes. Although some mechanisms underlying these differences are emerging, the immunological basis is not well understood. Observations from clinical trials also suggest a sex bias in conventional immunotherapies with male individuals experiencing a more favourable response and female individuals experiencing more severe adverse events to immune checkpoint blockade. In this Perspective article, we summarize the major biological hallmarks underlying sex bias in immuno-oncology. We focus on signalling from sex hormones and chromosome-encoded gene products, along with sex hormone-independent and chromosome-independent epigenetic mechanisms in tumour and immune cells such as myeloid cells and T cells. Finally, we highlight opportunities for future studies on sex differences that integrate sex hormones and chromosomes and other emerging cancer hallmarks such as ageing and the microbiome to provide a more comprehensive view of how sex differences underlie the response in cancer that can be leveraged for more effective immuno-oncology approaches.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.