ArticleRheumatology (Oxford, England)2025
Hydroxychloroquine-induced pigmentation in rheumatic diseases: prevalence, clinical features and influencing factors.
Article in Rheumatology (Oxford, England), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Drug induced hyperpigmentation: systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Frequency and clinical characteristics of hydroxychloroquine-induced pigmentation in Japanese paediatric patients: a retrospective cohort study.Rheumatology international · 2026Article
- A pilot study of skin barrier function in patients with systemic sclerosis and primary Sjögren's syndrome.Journal of rheumatic diseases · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
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Abstract
objectiveTo describe the clinical features of Chinese patients with HCQ-induced pigmentation and analyse the potential risk factors associated with HCQ-induced pigmentation.
methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted over a duration of 7 months, during which patients who had received HCQ treatment for >6 months were included. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire that encompassed demographic and geographic characteristics, information on HCQ and concomitant medication usage, sun exposure characteristics and hyperpigmentation-related characteristics. Univariate and multivariate analyses were employed to calculate the statistical association between HCQ-induced pigmentation and multiple variables.
resultsOut of 316 patients, 83 (26.3%) patients presented hyperpigmentation during HCQ treatment. Hyperpigmentation was presented after a median duration of HCQ treatment of 12 months (interquartile range, 6.0-30.0 months) with a median cumulative dose of 108 g of HCQ (interquartile range, 36-288 g). The most frequently affected sites of pigmentation were the face (60.2%), lower limbs (36.1%) and hands (20.5%). There was a linear decrease in the incidence of pigmentation with increasing daily sun exposure time (P = 0.030). In the multivariate analysis, variables (cumulative HCQ dose and daily sun exposure time) were included in the final models. The results revealed an independent correlation between HCQ-induced pigmentation and daily sun exposure exceeding 1 h (OR: 0.431; 95% CI: 0.208-0.892; P = 0.023).
conclusionsThe occurrence of HCQ-induced pigmentation is not uncommon, with an incidence rate of 26.3%. Daily sun exposure time exhibited a protective effect against HCQ-induced pigmentation.
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