A Retrospective Cohort Study of the Impact of Implementing Volume-Targeted Compared to Pressure-Limited Ventilation in a Single-Center, Level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Oman.

Background The use of volume-targeted ventilation (VTV) in neonatology has been introduced in the last decade. This study was performed to determine the impact of clinical implementation of volume-targeted conventional mechanical ventilation using the volume guarantee mode in mechanical ventilation of all neonates needing mechanical ventilation compared to pressure-limited ventilation (PLV) modes. The mortality rate, duration of mechanical ventilation, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia were the primary outcomes of the study. Methodology This retrospective cohort study was conducted at a level III-VI neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) within a tertiary academic hospital in Oman. All intubated neonates admitted to the NICU within two time periods, i.e., the PLV cohort: January 2011 to December 2013 (three years), and the VTV cohort: January 2017 to December 2019 (three years), were eligible for inclusion in the study. Neonates were excluded if they had multiple congenital anomalies, tracheostomy, and those with a Do Not Resuscitate status. A predetermined data set was collected retrospectively from electronic records. The PLV and VTV cohorts were compared, and SPSS version 25 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for data analysis. Results A total of 290 neonates were included (PLV: n = 138, and VTV: n = 152). The two cohorts were statistically similar in their baseline characteristics, including gestational age, birth weight, Apgar scores, indications for mechanical ventilation, age at intubation, need for surfactant therapy, and age at extubation. The VTV cohort had a significantly lower mortality rate (n (%) = 10 (6.6%) vs. 21 (15.3%), p = 0.02). An insignificant trend of lower duration of ventilation was observed in the VTV cohort (34.5 vs. 50.5 hours, p = 0.24). There was no significant difference in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (16 (21.3%) vs. 12 (17.8%), p = 0.18). VTV was associated with a significant reduction in pulmonary hemorrhage (1 (0.7%) vs. 8 (5.7%), p = 0.04), episodes of hypocapnia (2 vs. 3/patient, p = 0.04), and episodes of hypercapnia (0 vs 1/patient, p = 0.04). Conclusions The implementation of VTV in clinical practice in our level III-VI NICU was associated with significant advantages, including reduction in mortality, pulmonary hemorrhage, and episodes of hypercapnia and hypocapnia. A large prospective, randomized, and multicenter trial is recommended to confirm these findings.