ReviewConflict and health2024
The impact of conflict on infectious disease: a systematic literature review.
Review in Conflict and health, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 87 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
87 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Building evidences in Public Health Emergency Preparedness ("BePHEP" Project)-a systematic review.International journal for equity in health · 2025Pooled it
- Active trachoma among children aged 1-9 years in Ethiopia: A meta-analysis from 2019 to 2024.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- Household determinants of observed handwashing among primary schoolchildren in Hebron, Palestine: a cross-sectional study.BMJ open · 2026Trial
- Prevalence and associated factors with presumptive tuberculosis in the war-torn Tigray, Ethiopia: a community-based comparative study.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2026Article
- Identification of required competencies for specialist nurses in infectious disease care: A modified Delphi study.International journal of nursing studies advances · 2026Article
- The intrinsic, instrumental, and symbolic values of sustaining childhood vaccination in conflict settings.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Causes of mortality in humanitarian crises requiring coordinated response: a scoping review protocol.BMJ open · 2026Article
- The 2024 Lebanon conflict: a multidimensional assessment of syndemic impacts on public health and sustainable development goals.Internal and emergency medicine · 2026Review
- Lymphocyte-mediated immune responses to Leishmania infection.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Strengthening Primary Health Care for Improved Population Health and Health Equity in Somalia: A Narrative Review.Public health challenges · 2026Review
- Emergence and endemicity of arboviruses in Haiti: a review.IJID regions · 2026Review
- Ebola Virus Disease in the Era of One Health and Global Preparedness: Evolving Epidemiology, Genomic Surveillance, and Future Challenges.Infectious disease reports · 2026Review
- Infectious medical waste (IMW) and disease transmission: A critical public health challenge in Africa and the global implications - A systematic review.Journal of public health research · 2026Article
- Effects of climate change-related hazards on food security and health within refugee settlements in Uganda.Conflict and health · 2026Article
- Analysing outbreak signals, 2013-2024: The amsterdam UMC centre for Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine Epi Alert programme - an observational study.New microbes and new infections · 2026Article
- Association of armed conflict and global measles cases: A structural equation modeling analysis of 193 countries from 2000 to 2023.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- The well-worn path from armed conflict to measles resurgence.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- From HIV testing to ART initiation under fire: joinpoint regression analysis of regional disparities during the full-scale war against Ukraine.Conflict and health · 2026Article
- Factors influencing access to primary healthcare services for refugee children under five in the Palestinian West Bank: a qualitative study with female caregivers.BMJ global health · 2026Article
- HIV/AIDS in Conflict-Affected Countries, 2024-2025.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2026Article
27 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundConflict situations, armed or not, have been associated with emergence and transmission of infectious diseases. This review aims to identify the pathways through which infectious diseases emerge within conflict situations and to outline appropriate infectious disease preparedness and response strategies.
methodsA systematic review was performed representing published evidence from January 2000 to October 2023. Ovid Medline and Embase were utilised to obtain literature on infectious diseases in any conflict settings. The systematic review adhered to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis). No geographical restrictions were imposed.
findingsOur review identified 51 studies covering AIDS, Hepatitis B, Tuberculosis, Cholera, Coronavirus 2, Ebola, Poliomyelitis, Malaria, Leishmaniasis, Measles, Diphtheria, Dengue and Acute Bacterial Meningitis within conflict settings in Europe, Middle East, Asia, and Africa since October 2023. Key factors contributing to disease emergence and transmission in conflict situations included population displacement, destruction of vital infrastructure, reduction in functioning healthcare systems and healthcare personnel, disruption of disease control programmes (including reduced surveillance, diagnostic delays, and interrupted vaccinations), reduced access by healthcare providers to populations within areas of active conflict, increased population vulnerability due to limited access to healthcare services, and disruptions in the supply chain of safe water, food, and medication. To mitigate these infectious disease risks reported preparedness and response strategies included both disease-specific intervention strategies as well as broader concepts such as the education of conflict-affected populations through infectious disease awareness programmes, investing in and enabling health care in locations with displaced populations, intensifying immunisation campaigns, and ensuring political commitment and intersectoral collaborations between governments and international organisations.
conclusionConflict plays a direct and indirect role in the transmission and propagation of infectious diseases. The findings from this review can assist decision-makers in the development of evidence-based preparedness and response strategies for the timely and effective containment of infectious disease outbreaks in conflict zones and amongst conflict-driven displaced populations.
fundingEuropean Centre for Disease Prevention and Control under specific contract No. 22 ECD.13,154 within Framework contract ECDC/2019/001 Lot 1B.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.