ReviewMolecular cancer2024
Tertiary lymphoid structural heterogeneity determines tumour immunity and prospects for clinical application.
Review in Molecular cancer, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 88 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Prognostic Significance of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Head and Neck Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of oral pathology & medicine : official publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology · 2026Pooled it
- Neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy with afatinib for locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (neoCHANCE-2): an open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Trial
- Neoadjuvant tislelizumab with afatinib for locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (neoCHANCE-1): a phase 2 clinical trial.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Tertiary lymphoid structures in gastrointestinal cancer: orchestrating tumour microenvironmental immune subcycles to elegantly amplify the cancer immunity cycle.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Application of artificial intelligence in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Niches in cancer: from primary tumors to metastatic disease.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2026Review
- Tumor-Regional Immune Microenvironment: A Critical Factor in the Design of Radiotherapy-Immunotherapy Combination Trials.International journal of cancer · 2026Review
- Cancer-associated fibroblasts drive immune resistance in MSS colorectal cancer via the FAIM2-CES1-ER stress pathway.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2026Article
- Spatial transcriptomics reveals immune remodeling in lymph nodes of gastric adenocarcinoma.Clinical & experimental metastasis · 2026Article
- Review
- The spatial architecture of tumor immunity: Emerging predictive biomarkers across cancer.Immunologic research · 2026Review
- Tertiary lymphoid structures in cancer: their development, composition, clinical prognosis, and the drivers of the anti-tumor responses.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- GCUNet: a graph neural network-based contextual learning network for tertiary lymphoid structure semantic segmentation in whole slide image.Visual computing for industry, biomedicine, and art · 2026Article
- Beyond TLS Presence: A Functional Framework Integrating Maturity, Location, and Immune Context.Cancers · 2026Review
- Radiotherapy and tertiary lymphoid structures: balancing immune activation and immune damage in cancer immunotherapy.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Evidence of endothelial anergy and T-cell exclusion in microsatellite stable colorectal liver metastases revealed through human hemi-liver perfusion and spatial transcriptomics.Molecular cancer · 2026Article
- Tumor heterogeneity: development, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Multiplexed single-cell and spatial profiling reveal B cells and tertiary lymphoid structures as prognostic indicators in pleural mesothelioma.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Regulatory B-cell states in NSCLC immunotherapy resistance: mechanisms, spatial context and translational implications.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Review
- Modeling development of tertiary lymphoid structures in pulmonary tuberculosis by 3D profiling and trajectory analysis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are clusters of immune cells that resemble and function similarly to secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). While TLS is generally associated with an anti-tumour immune response in most cancer types, it has also been observed to act as a pro-tumour immune response. The heterogeneity of TLS function is largely determined by the composition of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and the balance of cell subsets within the tumour-associated TLS (TA-TLS). TA-TLS of varying maturity, density, and location may have opposing effects on tumour immunity. Higher maturity and/or higher density TLS are often associated with favorable clinical outcomes and immunotherapeutic response, mainly due to crosstalk between different proportions of immune cell subpopulations in TA-TLS. Therefore, TLS can be used as a marker to predict the efficacy of immunotherapy in immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Developing efficient imaging and induction methods to study TA-TLS is crucial for enhancing anti-tumour immunity. The integration of imaging techniques with biological materials, including nanoprobes and hydrogels, alongside artificial intelligence (AI), enables non-invasive in vivo visualization of TLS. In this review, we explore the dynamic interactions among T and B cell subpopulations of varying phenotypes that contribute to the structural and functional diversity of TLS, examining both existing and emerging techniques for TLS imaging and induction, focusing on cancer immunotherapies and biomaterials. We also highlight novel therapeutic approaches of TLS that are being explored with the aim of increasing ICB treatment efficacy and predicting prognosis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.