ArticleGraefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie2024
Factors associated with early hydroxychloroquine-induced retinal toxicity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Article in Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Risk Factors, Screening, and Emerging Biomarkers.Journal of ophthalmology · 2026Review
- Hydroxychloroquine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: how much is enough?Lupus science & medicine · 2025Observational
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeHydroxychloroquine is currently recommended for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but it can cause irreversible retinal toxicity. This study aimed to identify factors associated with early hydroxychloroquine-induced retinal toxicity in patients with SLE from a single centre for 20 years.
methodsSLE patients diagnosed between 1998 and 2017 and followed up for at least 1 year were included. Demographic, clinical, laboratory and therapeutic data were collected from the electronic medical records and retrospectively analysed. Early hydroxychloroquine-induced retinal toxicity was defined as the development of macular toxicity within the first 5 years of hydroxychloroquine treatment.
resultsA total of 345 patients followed for a median of 15 years were analysed; 337 (97.7%) patients received hydroxychloroquine, 38 (11.3%) of them presented with retinal toxicity, and 10 (3%) developed early retinal toxicity. These patients had a mean treatment duration of 3.3 years with a mean cumulative dose of 241 g. Patients were diagnosed by visual field (VF) and fundoscopy, and two were also assessed using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). The median (IQR) age of patients with early toxicity was 56 (51-66) years, and 80% were female. Factors independently associated with early hydroxychloroquine-induced retinal toxicity were lupus anticoagulant positivity (OR 4.2; 95% CI 1.2-15.5) and hypercholesterolaemia (OR 5.6; 95% CI 1.5-21.5).
conclusionOur results suggest that lupus anticoagulant positivity and hypercholesterolaemia among SLE patients may be risk factors for early hydroxychloroquine-induced retinal toxicity, regardless of the dose or duration of treatment.
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