Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38574449›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of hygiene and environmental health2024

Exposure to outdoor ambient air toxics and risk of breast cancer: The multiethnic cohort.

Julia E Heck, Di He, Sam E Wing, Beate Ritz, Chandra D Carey, Juan Yang, Daniel O Stram, Loïc Le Marchand, Sungshim Lani Park, Iona Cheng and 1 more

Open access · hybridAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
14citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
4.4field-weighted citation impact, top 5% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

14 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 14 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Impact of Pollution on Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Focus on Air Pollution.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026
    Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Article
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  5. Potential Exposure to Environmental Toxic Emissions and Increased Cancer Risk in Puerto Rico.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2025
    Article
  6. Carcinogenicity of vinyl acetate: evidence from multiple data streams.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2025
    Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.

Julia E HeckDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; College of Health and Public Service, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA; Center for Racial and Ethnic Equity in Health and Society, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA. Electronic address: julia.heck@unt.edu.
Di HeDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Sam E WingDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Beate RitzDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Chandra D CareyCollege of Health and Public Service, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA; Center for Racial and Ethnic Equity in Health and Society, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
Juan YangDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Daniel O StramDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Loïc Le MarchandEpidemiology Section, Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA.
Sungshim Lani ParkEpidemiology Section, Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA.
Iona ChengDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; University of California, San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Anna H WuDepartment of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
University of California, Los Angeles · USUniversity of California, San Francisco · USUniversity of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa · USUniversity of North Texas · USUniversity of Southern California · US

Funding

Understanding Population Differences in Cancer: The MEC StudyU01CA164973 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA · PI HAIMAN, CHRISTOPHER ALAN, LE MARCHAND, LOIC · 2015 to 2025
$37.4M
NCI NIH HHS U01 CA164973
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundA growing literature has reported associations between traffic-related air pollution and breast cancer, however there are fewer investigations into specific ambient agents and any putative risk of breast cancer development, particularly studies occurring in populations residing in higher pollution areas such as Los Angeles.

objectivesTo estimate breast cancer risks related to ambient air toxics exposure at residential addresses.

methodsWe examined the relationships between ambient air toxics and breast cancer risk in the Multiethnic Cohort among 48,665 California female participants followed for cancer from 2003 through 2013. We obtained exposure data on chemicals acting as endocrine disruptors or mammary gland carcinogens from the National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate breast cancer risk per one interquartile range (IQR) increase in air toxics exposure lagged by 5-years. Stratified analyses were conducted by race, ethnicity, and hormone receptor types.

resultsAmong all women, increased risks of invasive breast cancer were observed with toxicants related to industries [1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.22, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 3.18-5.60), ethylene dichloride (HR = 2.81, 95% CI 2.20-3.59), and vinyl chloride (HR = 2.27, 95% CI 1.81, 2.85); these 3 agents were correlated (r2 = 0.45-0.77)]. Agents related to gasoline production or combustion were related to increased breast cancer risk [benzene (HR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.24, 1.41), ethylbenzene (HR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.13-1.28), toluene (HR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.20-1.38), naphthalene (HR = 1.11, 95% CI 1.02-2.22), acrolein (HR = 2.26, 95% CI 1.92, 2.65)]. Higher hazard ratios were observed in African Americans and Whites compared to other racial and ethnic groups (p-heterogeneity <0.05 for traffic-related air toxics, acrolein, and vinyl acetate).

conclusionsOur findings suggest that specific toxic air pollutants may be associated with increase breast cancer risk.

Indexed as

Air PollutantsBreast NeoplasmsAdultAgedCaliforniaCohort StudiesEnvironmental ExposureFemaleHumansLos AngelesMiddle AgedProportional Hazards ModelsRisk FactorsAir Pollutants1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethaneAcroleinBenzeneBreast cancerEthylbenzeneEthylene dichlorideNaphthaleneTolueneVinyl chloride

Identifiers

PMID38574449
PMCPMC11957326
OpenAlexW4393930797

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.