Global spatiotemporal synchronizing structures of spontaneous neural activities in different cell types.

Increasing evidence has revealed the large-scale nonstationary synchronizations as traveling waves in spontaneous neural activity. However, the interplay of various cell types in fine-tuning these spatiotemporal patters remains unclear. Here, we performed comprehensive exploration of spatiotemporal synchronizing structures across different cell types, states (awake, anesthesia, motion) and developmental axis in male mice. We found traveling waves in glutamatergic neurons exhibited greater variety than those in GABAergic neurons. Moreover, the synchronizing structures of GABAergic neurons converged toward those of glutamatergic neurons during development, but the evolution of waves exhibited varying timelines for different sub-type interneurons. Functional connectivity arises from both standing and traveling waves, and negative connections can be elucidated by the spatial propagation of waves. In addition, some traveling waves were correlated with the spatial distribution of gene expression. Our findings offer further insights into the neural underpinnings of traveling waves, functional connectivity, and resting-state networks, with cell-type specificity and developmental perspectives.