ArticleMolecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy2024
Carrier-free mRNA vaccine induces robust immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in mice and non-human primates without systemic reactogenicity.
Article in Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- mRNA lipid nanoparticle vaccines: current status, challenges and future prospects.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- RNA therapeutics: current status and future directions.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Fc-free single-chain antibody mRNA therapy for airway infection of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Nature communications · 2026Article
- 2'-hydroxyl modification improves enzymatic and thermal stability of mRNA.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Spatiotemporal targeting of messenger RNA lipid nanoparticles to the endometrium for the treatment of reproductive disorders.Nature nanotechnology · 2026Article
- Possible Ways of Reducing Adverse Events Associated with mRNA Vaccines Encapsulated in Lipid Nanoparticles.Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- AI-powered mapping of tumor immunity for optimized mRNA vaccine engineering.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Respiratory virus mRNA vaccines: mRNA Design, clinical studies, and future challenges.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Characterization of nuclease stability and poly(A)-binding protein binding activity of chemically modified poly(A) tail forRSC chemical biology · 2025Article
- Antigen-dependent interplay of formulation, systemic innate responses, and antibody responses to multi-component replicon RNA vaccination.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2025Article
- Article
- Trans amplifying mRNA vaccine expressing consensus spike elicits broad neutralization of SARS CoV 2 variants.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Intradermal Injection of a Protein Alone Without Additional Adjuvants Using a Needle-Free Pyro-Drive Jet Injector Induces Potent CD8International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Nano-Oncologic Vaccine for Boosting Cancer Immunotherapy: The Horizons in Cancer Treatment.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Article
- Technological breakthroughs and advancements in the application of mRNA vaccines: a comprehensive exploration and future prospects.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Developing Aptamer-Targeted mRNA for Immunotherapy.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Navigating the intricate in-vivo journey of lipid nanoparticles tailored for the targeted delivery of RNA therapeutics: a quality-by-design approach.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2024Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Carrier-free naked mRNA vaccines may reduce the reactogenicity associated with delivery carriers; however, their effectiveness against infectious diseases has been suboptimal. To boost efficacy, we targeted the skin layer rich in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and utilized a jet injector. The jet injection efficiently introduced naked mRNA into skin cells, including APCs in mice. Further analyses indicated that APCs, after taking up antigen mRNA in the skin, migrated to the lymph nodes (LNs) for antigen presentation. Additionally, the jet injection provoked localized lymphocyte infiltration in the skin, serving as a physical adjuvant for vaccination. Without a delivery carrier, our approach confined mRNA distribution to the injection site, preventing systemic mRNA leakage and associated systemic proinflammatory reactions. In mouse vaccination, the naked mRNA jet injection elicited robust antigen-specific antibody production over 6 months, along with germinal center formation in LNs and the induction of both CD4- and CD8-positive T cells. By targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, this approach provided protection against viral challenge. Furthermore, our approach generated neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in non-human primates at levels comparable to those observed in mice. In conclusion, our approach offers a safe and effective option for mRNA vaccines targeting infectious diseases.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.