ArticleBiometrics2024
Behavioral carry-over effect and power consideration in crossover trials.
Article in Biometrics, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of hyperventilation on seizure duration following electroconvulsive therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.BMC psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of Modest Carbohydrate-Energy Supplementation on Resistance Training Adaptations in Trained Men: A Crossover Trial.Nutrients · 2026Trial
- Polyphenol-rich sugarcane extract reduces circulatingFrontiers in nutrition · 2026Trial
- Evaluation of the Efficacy of an Aflatoxin Binder in Holstein Dairy Cows in Perú Under Field Conditions.Toxins · 2026Article
- Development of Data-Driven Models for Just-in-Time Digital Self-Management Advice to Improve Physical Functioning in Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis: Protocol for the e-cOAch Cross-Over Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Pediatric Oral Cavity Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Predict Pharmacokinetics of Mucoadhesive Atropine Gel to Treat Sialorrhea.Research square · 2026Article
- Interactive effects of biochar, nitrogen fertilizer, and irrigation on SOC and crop yield in a rice-wheat rotation system.Frontiers in plant science · 2026Article
- Effect of Buzzy Bee in Reducing Pain Perception during Local Anesthesia in Children: A Split-mouth Crossover Study.International journal of clinical pediatric dentistry · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
A crossover trial is an efficient trial design when there is no carry-over effect. To reduce the impact of the biological carry-over effect, a washout period is often designed. However, the carry-over effect remains an outstanding concern when a washout period is unethical or cannot sufficiently diminish the impact of the carry-over effect. The latter can occur in comparative effectiveness research, where the carry-over effect is often non-biological but behavioral. In this paper, we investigate the crossover design under a potential outcomes framework with and without the carry-over effect. We find that when the carry-over effect exists and satisfies a sign condition, the basic estimator underestimates the treatment effect, which does not inflate the type I error of one-sided tests but negatively impacts the power. This leads to a power trade-off between the crossover design and the parallel-group design, and we derive the condition under which the crossover design does not lead to type I error inflation and is still more powerful than the parallel-group design. We also develop covariate adjustment methods for crossover trials. We evaluate the performance of cross-over design and covariate adjustment using data from the MTN-034/REACH study.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.