Dare to dream? Cell-based therapies for heart failure after DREAM-HF: Review and roadmap for future clinical study.

Clinical trials of cell-based therapies for heart failure have resulted in significant strides forward in our understanding of the potential the failing heart has for regeneration and repair. Yet, two decades on, the need for novel cell-based therapies for heart failure has never been greater. The DREAM-HF trial, which was presented as a late-breaking trial at the American Heart Association Scientific Sessions 2021 did not meet the primary heart failure outcome, but did show a large, clinically significant reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients receiving cells, an effect that was most pronounced in patients with evidence of maladaptive inflammation. These results represent an important step forward in our understanding of how cell-based therapies can exert beneficial effects in patients with heart failure and should serve as a guide for future clinical efforts. In light of the results of DREAM-HF, this review serves to provide an understanding of the current state of cell-based therapies for heart failure, as well as to highlight major knowledge gaps and suggest guiding principles for clinical trials of cell therapy going forward. Using the knowledge gained from DREAM-HF along with the trials that preceded it, the potential for breakthrough cell-based therapies for heart failure in the coming decade is immense.