ArticlePLoS pathogens2024
Broad-spectrum Delta-BA.2 tandem-fused heterodimer mRNA vaccine delivered by lipopolyplex.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- A dimeric mRNA vaccine based on key-mutant and KP.3 RBDs induces broad-spectrum immunity and protects mice against JN.1 and XDV challenges.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Article
- Improved cross-protection and immunity against influenza A virus in mice using a novel mRNA vaccine with optimized design of RNA sequence.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Structurally-optimised HPV16 E7/E6 mRNA-LPP mediates dose-sparing efficacy via tumour microenvironment reprogramming.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Article
- AI-guided epitope engineering of a SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen for broad sarbecovirus neutralization.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Neutralizing antibodies induced by IpaB and IpaC mRNA vaccines inhibitMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, continues to mutate and generates new variants with increasingly severe immune escape, urging the upgrade of COVID-19 vaccines. Here, based on a similar dimeric RBD design as our previous ZF2001 vaccine, we developed a novel broad-spectrum COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, SWIM516, with chimeric Delta-BA.2 RBD dimer delivered by lipopolyplex (LPP). Unlike the popular lipid nanoparticle (LNP), this LPP-delivered mRNA expresses only in the injection site, which avoids potential toxicity to the liver. We demonstrated the broad-spectrum humoral and cellular immunogenicity of this vaccine to Delta and Omicron sub-variants in naïve mice and as booster shots. When challenged with Delta or Omicron live virus, vaccinated human angiotensin-converting enzyme (hACE2) transgenic mice and rhesus macaques were both protected, displaying significantly reduced viral loads and markedly relieved pathological damages. We believe the SWIM516 vaccine qualifies as a candidate for the next-generation broad-spectrum COVID-19 vaccine.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.