SynthesisEuropean journal of neurology2024
Beyond T cell toxicity - Intrathecal chemokine CXCL13 indicating B cell involvement in immune-related adverse events following checkpoint inhibition: A two-case series and literature review.
Synthesis in European journal of neurology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Beyond T cell toxicity - Intrathecal chemokine CXCL13 indicating B cell involvement in immune-related adverse events following checkpoint inhibition: A two-case series and literature review.European journal of neurology · 2024Pooled it
- Pain spectrum in immune checkpoint inhibitor-related adverse events: evolution, characteristics and management challenges based on bibliometrics.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2026Article
- B-cells in breast cancer: current insights and challenges.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Case Report: Observational use of mycophenolate mofetil in probable steroid-unresponsive immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated transverse myelitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Mechanisms and biomarkers of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis: from T cell imbalance to multicellular crosstalk.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Review
- Pembrolizumab-induced fulminant triple M syndrome presenting with severe bradycardia.Medicine and pharmacy reports · 2025Article
- Prediction, prevention, and precision treatment of immune checkpoint inhibitor neurological toxicity using autoantibodies, cytokines, and microbiota.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Myocarditis, Myositis, and Myasthenia Gravis Overlap Syndrome Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
background and purposeThis study was undertaken to raise awareness of a role of B cells in immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-associated neurological immune-related adverse events (nirAE).
methodsA systematic literature review was made, with case observations of a melanoma and a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patient who developed ICI-associated nirAE with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings indicating B cell involvement.
resultsTwo patients receiving ipilimumab/nivolumab for melanoma and chemotherapy/pembrolizumab for NSCLC developed nirAE in the form of myocarditis/myositis/myasthenia gravis overlap syndrome (triple M) and cerebellitis plus longitudinal transverse myelitis (c-LETM), respectively. Intrathecal inflammation with chemokine C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL13) elevation was present in both patients; the triple M case had acetylcholine receptor antibodies, antititin reactivity, altered CD4/CD8 T cell ratio in blood, and depressed programmed death-1 (PD-1) expression on CSF T cells; the c-LETM case showed intrathecal antibody production and plasma cells. Both patients insufficiently responded to first-line treatment. The NSCLC case improved upon administration of B cell-depleting therapy with rituximab, whereas the melanoma patient died before escalation therapy was initiated. Literature research revealed one additional ICI-associated LETM case with intrathecal CXCL13 elevation, three cases with ICI-associated aquaporin-4 antibody neuromyelitis spectrum disorder, and evidence of B cell-mediated toxicity based on antibody-mediated immune pathologies in ICI-associated immune-related adverse events.
conclusionsThe case observations highlight the plethora of uncertainties in diagnosis and treatment of ICI-associated nirAE, exemplify the heterogeneity of immune mechanisms involved, and suggest a role of B cells, which may be underdiagnosed. Intrathecal CXCL13 may serve as a biomarker of B cell involvement in nirAE, supported by intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis, presence of plasma cells, and/or recruitment of cognate immune cells.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.