ArticleCancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII2024
Efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors differs in various status of carcinoma: a study based on 29 cohorts with 3255 participants.
Article in Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Oncoviruses in Solid Tumors.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2026Review
- Immunotherapy in recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: PD-L1 and beyond.Pathologica · 2025Review
- Prostate cancer immunotherapy-based strategies: an updated review emphasizing immune checkpoint inhibitors.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Targeting archetypes of viral-driven cancers with immunotherapy: a perspective on immunogenicity within the tumor microenvironment.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPre-clinical data have revealed that viral infection, such as Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), and Human Papilloma virus (HPV), may lead to the development of "hot" or "immune-sensitive" tumors, which may impact the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICIs). Therefore, This study aimed to investigate the impact of viral status on the efficacy of ICIs.
methodsElectronic databases were searched to identify relevant trials. The primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) measured by hazard ratio (HR). Stratified analyses were accomplished based on viral types, treatment regimens, and patient locations.
resultsA total of 3255 participants were recruited, including 252 cases of gastric cancer, 156 cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, 1603 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, and 1244 cases of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Pooled results demonstrated a significant association between viral infection and favorable outcomes in patients receiving ICIs, including improved OS [HR = 0.67, 95%CI (0.57-0.79), P < 0.0001], increased ORR [OR = 1.43, 95%CI (1.14-1.80), P = 0.0018], and a trend toward enhanced PFS [HR = 0.75, 95%CI (0.56-1.00), P = 0.05]. In subgroup analyses, patients treated with ICIs who were exposed to HBV/HCV or HPV infection exhibited an evidently superior OS without heterogeneity, compared to those without infection.
conclusionsThis study indicated that the presence of viral infection was evidently associated with improved outcomes in cancer patients undergoing ICIs, particularly in cases of HBV/HCV and HPV infections.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.