ArticleTranslational psychiatry2024
Trajectories in depressive symptoms and midlife brain health.
Article in Translational psychiatry, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring blood-based biomarkers in late-life depression: Correlates of psychotherapeutic treatment outcomes.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2026Trial
- Joint trajectories of brain atrophy, white matter hyperintensities and cognition quantify brain maintenance.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Depressive symptom instability predicts incident mild cognitive impairment and dementia in older adults.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Free water, occipital volume and changes in depressive symptoms in the LifeAfter90 study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Risk factors for early-onset and late-onset dementia: a prospective cohort study.The lancet. Healthy longevity · 2026Article
- Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E: a key factor of traumatic stress-induced depression-related cognitive decline at different age.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Temporal trends in late-life depressive symptom trajectories: a longitudinal population-based cohort study from Stockholm, Sweden.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Identifying Physiological and Cognitive Indicators of Subthreshold Depression and Major Depressive Disorder Progression Risk.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2026Article
- Toward a person-centered return of research results of dementia risk: A pluralistic, constructive expansion.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Depressive symptoms may either be a risk factor or prodromal to dementia. Investigating this association in midlife may help clarify the role of depression in cognitive aging. We aimed to identify trajectories in depressive symptoms in early to mid-life and related cognitive and brain outcomes in midlife. This study includes 3944 Black and White participants (ages 26-45 years at baseline) from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study with 20 years of follow-up. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale at five time points over 20 years. Growth mixture modeling (GMM) was used to identify depressive symptom trajectories. Participants completed a neuropsychological battery 20 years after baseline, including the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), Rey-Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Stroop Test, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and category and letter fluency tests. A sub-sample of participants (n = 662) underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to characterize gray matter volumes and white matter hyperintensities (WMHs). We identified four classes of depressive symptom trajectories: a "declining" class (n = 286, 7.3%) with initially high symptoms and subsequent decline, a class with consistently high symptoms ("steady high"; n = 264, 6.7%), a class with late increases in symptoms ("increasing"; n = 277, 7%), and a class with consistently low symptoms ("steady low"; n = 3117, 79.0%). The steady high and the increasing classes had poorer performance on all cognitive tests, while the declining class had poorer performance on the DSST, verbal fluency, and MoCA. Compared to the steady low symptom class, the steady high class had lower volumes in the entorhinal cortex (β: -180.80, 95% CI: -336.69 to -24.91) and the amygdala (β: -40.97, 95% CI: -74.09 to -7.85), the increasing class had more WMHs (β: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.89), and the declining class was not significantly different in any brain measures. Trajectories in depressive symptoms in young to mid-adulthood show distinct cognitive and brain phenotypes in midlife. Steady high depressive symptoms may represent a group that is at risk for dementia, whereas increasing symptoms in midlife may be associated with white matter damage.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.