SynthesisFrontiers in digital health2024
Virtual reality and augmented reality in medical education: an umbrella review.
Synthesis in Frontiers in digital health, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
72 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effectiveness of the flipped classroom in medical education: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medical education · 2026Pooled it
- The role of extended reality technologies in hygiene education and training: a systematic review of applications, benefits, and challenges.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Pooled it
- Global trends and thematic clusters in healthcare professional education, medical errors, and patient safety: a bibliometric analysis, 2000-2026.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Use of extended reality head-mounted displays in US health care education: a scoping review.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Mixed Reality in Clinical Settings for Pediatric Patients and Their Families: A Literature Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Pooled it
- Augmented Reality-Based Training for a Rapid Blood Transfusion Device Among Emergency Nurses: Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR medical education · 2026Trial
- The Role of Augmented Reality in Advancing Medical Training Techniques: A Pilot RCT Study on Cricothyroidotomy.Yonsei medical journal · 2026Trial
- Virtual Reality-Based Training in Radiologic Technology for Contrast-Enhanced Computed Tomography Brain Imaging: Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR formative research · 2026Trial
- Advancing medical training with augmented reality and haptic feedback simulator: outcomes of a randomized controlled trial on lumbar puncture.BMC medical education · 2025Trial
- Refining the Immersive Technology Evaluation Measure for Virtual Reality Clinical Skills Among Native Arabic-Speaking Medical Students: Qualitative Study.JMIR medical education · 2026Article
- Evidence for Clinical Skills Training Using Virtual Reality in Nursing and Midwifery Education: Protocol for an Umbrella Review.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Gamified Virtual Reality Training for Pneumatic Reduction of Intussusception in Children: Formative Evaluation of a Low-Fidelity Prototype.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- Cinematic Rendering of Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Photorealistic Visualization of Normal Neuroanatomy and Primary Brain Tumors.The Eurasian journal of medicine · 2026Article
- Curriculum Innovation: Virtual Reality for Neuroanatomy Education Among Neurology Residents.Neurology. Education · 2026Article
- Mixed reality simulation of guided needle insertion: effects of interaction and visual fidelity.International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery · 2026Article
- Evaluating knowledge acquisition, confidence, and cognitive workload in immersive virtual reality anatomy education: a prospective study of medical students.Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA · 2026Article
- e-Learning, Distance Education, and Virtual and Augmented Reality in Orthopedic Training: European Cross-Sectional Survey of Trainee Acceptance Guided by the Technology Acceptance Model and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology.JMIR medical education · 2026Article
- OpenOR - a virtual reality framework for medical education.Acta neurochirurgica · 2026Article
- Virtual Reality Simulation in Postgraduate Pediatric Critical Care Training Based on Trainee Perceptions in London: Exploratory Mixed Methods Study.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- An Experimental Study on the Effectiveness and Usefulness of 360° Virtual Reality Simulation in Korean Medical Education: A Pilot Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: This umbrella review aims to ascertain the extent to which immersive Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies improve specific competencies in healthcare professionals within medical education and training, in contrast to traditional educational methods or no intervention. Methods: Adhering to PRISMA guidelines and the PICOS approach, a systematic literature search was conducted across major databases to identify studies examining the use of VR and AR in medical education. Eligible studies were screened and categorized based on the PICOS criteria. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were employed to analyze the data, supplemented by the Fisher test for small sample sizes or specific conditions. Analysis: The analysis involved cross-tabulating the stages of work (Development and Testing, Results, Evaluated) and variables of interest (Performance, Engagement, Performance and Engagement, Effectiveness, no evaluated) against the types of technologies used. Chi-square tests assessed the associations between these categorical variables. Results: A total of 28 studies were included, with the majority reporting increased or positive effects from the use of immersive technologies. VR was the most frequently studied technology, particularly in the "Performance" and "Results" stages. The chi-square analysis, with a Pearson value close to significance ( Conclusions: The results indicate that VR is a prevalent tool in the research landscape of medical education technologies, with a positive trend toward enhancing educational outcomes. However, the statistical analysis did not reveal a significant association, suggesting the need for further research with larger sample sizes. This review underscores the potential of immersive technologies to enhance medical training yet calls for more rigorous studies to establish definitive evidence of their efficacy.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.