ReviewFrontiers in immunology2024
Mitochondrial extracellular vesicles, autoimmunity and myocarditis.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antiviral innate immunity in myocarditis: mechanisms and emerging therapeutics.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Review
- Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Disease: Intercellular Signaling, Liquid Biopsy Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Translation.Circulation research · 2026Review
- Bioinspired Artificial Bioenergetic Organelles: Design Principles, Nanofabrication and Therapeutic Translation.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Review
- Sex differences in a mouse model of radiation-induced cardiotoxicity.Research square · 2026Article
- Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis: Insights from Preclinical Models to Translational Perspectives.Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles at the immune-metabolic crossroads of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and diabetes mellitus.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Mitochondrial transfer as a driver of immune microenvironment remodeling.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The cardiovascular-immune axis: crosstalk and therapy in atherosclerosis, myocarditis and vasculitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Neutrophil membrane-coated nanoparticles for targeted therapy.Discover nano · 2025Review
- Innovative use of gram-positive enhancer matrix particles and affinity peptides in a vaccine against Coxsackievirus B3.Virulence · 2025Article
- Mitochondria-Enriched Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) for Cardiac Bioenergetics Restoration: A Scoping Review of Preclinical Mechanisms and Source-Specific Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Review
- Novel biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction in Long COVID patients.GeroScience · 2025Article
- Emerging Mechanisms and Biomarkers Associated with T-Cells and B-Cells in Autoimmune Disorders.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- Transcriptomic analysis of coxsackievirus B3 infection in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain-like endothelial cells.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Inter- and intracellular mitochondrial communication: signaling hubs in aging and age-related diseases.Cellular & molecular biology letters · 2024Review
- Mitochondrial dysfunction in long COVID: mechanisms, consequences, and potential therapeutic approaches.GeroScience · 2024Review
- Mechanisms underlying sex differences in autoimmunity.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2024Review
- Connecting dots of long COVID-19 pathogenesis: a vagus nerve- hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal-mitochondrial axis dysfunction.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
For many decades viral infections have been suspected as 'triggers' of autoimmune disease, but mechanisms for how this could occur have been difficult to establish. Recent studies have shown that viral infections that are commonly associated with viral myocarditis and other autoimmune diseases such as coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and SARS-CoV-2 target mitochondria and are released from cells in mitochondrial vesicles that are able to activate the innate immune response. Studies have shown that Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 and the inflammasome pathway are activated by mitochondrial components. Autoreactivity against cardiac myosin and heart-specific immune responses that occur after infection with viruses where the heart is not the primary site of infection (e.g., CVB3, SARS-CoV-2) may occur because the heart has the highest density of mitochondria in the body. Evidence exists for autoantibodies against mitochondrial antigens in patients with myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Defects in tolerance mechanisms like autoimmune regulator gene (AIRE) may further increase the likelihood of autoreactivity against mitochondrial antigens leading to autoimmune disease. The focus of this review is to summarize current literature regarding the role of viral infection in the production of extracellular vesicles containing mitochondria and virus and the development of myocarditis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.