ArticlePloS one2024
Assessing the quality of drinking water from selected water sources in Mbarara city, South-western Uganda.
Article in PloS one, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Evaluation of drinking water suitability in rural primary school environments: linking hydrochemistry, multivariate analysis, and water quality indices in Northern Uganda.Journal of water and health · 2026Article
- Geochemistry, Speciation, and Health Risks from Potentially Toxic Elements in Street Dust of Mbarara City, Uganda.Journal of xenobiotics · 2026Article
- Geospatial analysis of surface water and groundwater quality using GIS in Ishaka subcounty, Bushenyi District, Uganda.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Occurrence of toxic metals in river Rwizi surface water and efficacy of wastewater stabilization ponds (WSPs) in Mbarara City, Uganda.Discover Environment · 2025Article
- Occurrence and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in River Rwizi sediment in Western Uganda.Discover Environment · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
This study assessed the physical, chemical, and microbiological quality with emphasis on risk score, source apportionment, geochemistry, feacal coliforms and water quality index of drinking water from selected water sources. A cross-sectional study was conducted in six villages in Mbarara city, south-western Uganda. Each selected source was inspected using a WHO-adopted sanitary inspection questionnaire. Each source's risk score was calculated. Thirty-seven samples were taken from one borehole, nine open dug wells, four rain harvest tanks, and twenty-three taps. The values for apparent color and phosphate were higher than the permissible level as set by the World Health Organization and Ugandan standards (US EAS 12). The isolated organisms were Klebsiella spp. (8.11%), Citrobacter divergens (62.16%), Citrobacter fluendii (2.7%), E. coli (35.14%), Enterobacter aerogenes (8.11%), Enterobacter agglomerus (5.4%), Proteus spp. (2.7%), Enterobacter cloacae (13.5%), and Proteus mirabilis (2.7%). Twelve water sources (32.4%) had water that was unfit for human consumption that was unfit for human consumption (Grade E), Five sources (13.5%) had water that had a very poor index (Grade D), nine (24.3%) had water of poor index (Grade C), eight (21.6%) had water of good water index (Grade B), and only three (8.1%) had water of excellent water quality index (Grade A). The piper trilinear revealed that the dominant water type of the area were Mgso4 and Caso4 type. Gibbs plot represents precipitation dominance. PCA for source apportionment showed that well, tap and borehole water account for the highest variations in the quality of drinking water. These results suggest that drinking water from sources in Mbarara city is not suitable for direct human consumption without treatment. We recommend necessary improvements in water treatment, distribution, and maintenance of all the available water sources in Mbarara City, South Western Uganda.
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