ReviewVaccines2024
Self-Amplifying RNA: A Second Revolution of mRNA Vaccines against COVID-19.
Review in Vaccines, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) and circular RNA (circRNA) vaccines: Progress, evidence gaps, and translational pathways for durable and scalable immunization.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Efficient production of a self-amplifying RNA vaccine sequence with the single subunit RNA polymerase fromRNA (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- mRNA delivery to the retina restores REP1 function in choroideremia.Molecular therapy. Advances · 2026Article
- Pulmonary Delivery of Self-Amplifying RNA: Balancing Inflammation and Durable Transgene Expression.ACS nano · 2026Article
- mRNA Vaccines for Influenza: Hope for a Universal Vaccine?BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2026Review
- An RNA-to-RNA pipeline for rapid antiviral antibody development.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026Article
- Next-generation mRNA vaccines: strategies to overcome stability challenges.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Programming the immunological properties of mRNA vaccines for cancer.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- A self-amplifying RNA vector based on rubella virus for mRNA therapeutics and vaccine applications.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- mRNA vaccine development for tuberculosis: antigen design, immune mechanisms, and translational challenges.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Deciphering the biological fate of mRNA-LNP-based biologics: A perspective from tissue to intracellular distribution.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Review
- The ability of alphavirus replicases to synthesize non-viral type I interferon-inducing RNAs correlates with viral RNA synthesis and has a diverse impact on virus replication and pathogenicity.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Armored RNA technology as a clinical diagnostics tool for future pandemic preparedness.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2026Review
- Freeze-Drying in Sucrose Followed by Cryomilling Enables the Formulation of sa-mRNA-LNP Powders for Inhalation.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Poly(beta-amino esters): applications in immunology.Chemical science · 2026Review
- Working towards a single-dose vaccine for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis.Future virology · 2026Article
- Lipid nanoparticle-based mRNA platforms for mucosal HIV vaccines: formulation advances, immune mechanisms, and translational pathways.Archives of microbiology · 2025Review
- A second-generation, self-amplifying COVID-19 Vaccine: World's first approval and distribution in the Japanese market with vaccine hesitancy.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus, the causative agent of COVID-19, has produced the largest pandemic in the 21st century, becoming a very serious health problem worldwide. To prevent COVID-19 disease and infection, a large number of vaccines have been developed and approved in record time, including new vaccines based on mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles. While mRNA-based vaccines have proven to be safe and effective, they are more expensive to produce compared to conventional vaccines. A special type of mRNA vaccine is based on self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) derived from the genome of RNA viruses, mainly alphaviruses. These saRNAs encode a viral replicase in addition to the antigen, usually the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The replicase can amplify the saRNA in transfected cells, potentially reducing the amount of RNA needed for vaccination and promoting interferon I responses that can enhance adaptive immunity. Preclinical studies with saRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines in diverse animal models have demonstrated the induction of robust protective immune responses, similar to conventional mRNA but at lower doses. Initial clinical trials have confirmed the safety and immunogenicity of saRNA-based vaccines in individuals that had previously received authorized COVID-19 vaccines. These findings have led to the recent approval of two of these vaccines by the national drug agencies of India and Japan, underscoring the promising potential of this technology.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.