ArticlePharmaceutics2024
Cellular Uptake and Transport Mechanism Investigations of PEGylated Niosomes for Improving the Oral Delivery of Thymopentin.
Article in Pharmaceutics, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Advances and challenges in research methods on oral absorption mechanisms of nano-formulations.PeerJ · 2025Pooled it
- Development of Imperatorin Nanostructured Lipid Carriers with Grape Seed Oil for Boosting Oral Absorption and Antioxidant Capacity.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Enhanced antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of PEGylated niosomes co-loaded with nisin and ZnO nanoparticles against VRSA and ceftazidime-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Archives of microbiology · 2026Article
- Updates on niosomes in interfering nucleic acid delivery for cancer treatment: A comprehensive review and future perspectives.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2026Review
- Immunogenicity Management Strategies for PEGylated Drug Delivery Systems.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Progress in peptide and protein therapeutics: Challenges and strategies.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2025Review
- The Ubiquitous Use of Polyethylene Glycol in Pharmaceutical Design and Development: Technological Aspects and Future Perspectives.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Overcoming Oral Cavity Barriers for Peptide Delivery Using Advanced Pharmaceutical Techniques and Nano-Formulation Platforms.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Oral Tablet Formulations with Lactoferrin, a Cohesive Biomacromolecule.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Thermo-Responsive Niosomal In Situ Gels for Topical Delivery of Prednisolone.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Article
- Enhancing the Oral Bioavailability of Glutathione Using Innovative Analogue Approaches.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Innovative Solid Lipid Nanoparticle-Enriched Hydrogels for Enhanced Topical Delivery of L-Glutathione: A Novel Approach to Anti-Ageing.Pharmaceutics · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough its immunomodulatory properties make thymopentin (TP5) appealing, its rapid metabolism and inactivation in the digestive system pose significant challenges for global scientists. PEGylated niosomal nanocarriers are hypothesized to improve the physicochemical stability of TP5, and to enhance its intestinal permeability for oral administration.
methodsTP5-loaded PEGylated niosomes were fabricated using the thin film hydration method. Co-cultured Caco-2 and HT29 cells with different ratios were screened as in vitro intestinal models. The cytotoxicity of TP5 and its formulations were evaluated using an MTT assay. The cellular uptake and transport studies were investigated in the absence or presence of variable inhibitors or enhancers, and their mechanisms were explored. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: All TP5 solutions and their niosomal formulations were nontoxic to Caco-2 and HT-29 cells. The uptake of TP5-PEG-niosomes by cells relied on active endocytosis, exhibiting dependence on time, energy, and concentration, which has the potential to significantly enhance its cellular uptake compared to TP5 in solution. Nevertheless, cellular transport rates were similar between TP5 in solution and its niosomal groups. The cellular transport of TP5 in solution was carried out mainly through MRP5 endocytosis and a passive pathway and effluxed by MRP5 transporters, while that of TP5-niosomes and TP5-PEG-niosomes was carried out through adsorptive- and clathrin-mediated endocytosis requiring energy. The permeability and transport rate was further enhanced when EDTA and sodium taurocholate were used as the penetration enhancers.
conclusionsThis research has illustrated that PEG-niosomes were able to enhance the cellular uptake and maintain the cellular transport of TP5. This study also shows this formulation's potential to serve as an effective carrier for improving the oral delivery of peptides.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.