ReviewPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)2024
Effect of Botulinum Toxin Injections in the Treatment of Spasticity of Different Etiologies: An Umbrella Review.
Review in Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Percutaneous Cryoneurolysis for Upper Limb Spasticity: A Systematic Scoping Review of Current Evidence, Safety Profile, and Implications for Hand and Upper Extremity Practice.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Rehabilitation in Neuromuscular Diseases: Best Turkish Practice Recommendations by Multidisciplinary Experts.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2026Review
- Evoked potentials in stroke rehabilitation: current applications, emerging technologies, and future directions.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Article
- Combined Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy and Botulinum Toxin Injection for Spasticity in the Acute Phase of Spinal Cord Injury: A Case Report.Progress in rehabilitation medicine · 2025Article
- Botulinum Therapy for Pain Caused by Spasticity in Advanced Stages of Brain Tumor in Adolescents: A Case Report.Clinical medicine insights. Case reports · 2025Article
- LONG-TERM EFFICACY OF SPASTICITY-CORRECTIVE SURGERY AND BOTULINUM TOXIN INJECTIONS FOR UPPER LIMB SPASTICITY TREATMENT.Journal of rehabilitation medicine. Clinical communications · 2025Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSpasticity is a very common neurological sequelae that significantly impacts the quality of life of patients, affecting more than 12 million people worldwide. Botulinum toxin is considered a reversible treatment for spasticity, but due to the large amount of available evidence, synthesis seems necessary. Therefore, we conducted an overview of existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses to evaluate the effect of botulinum toxin injections in the treatment of spasticity of different etiologies.
methodsA systematic search of different databases, including Pubmed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, was performed from inception to February 2024. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the effect of botulinum toxin compared to that of the control treatment using the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS). All the statistical analyses were performed using STATA 15 software.
results28 studies were included in the umbrella review. The effect of botulinum toxin injections on spasticity, as measured by the MAS, was significantly lower in all but three studies, although these studies also supported the intervention. The SMDs reported by the meta-analyses ranged from -0.98 to -0.01.
conclusionBotulinum toxin injections were effective at treating spasticity of different etiologies, as indicated by the measurements on the MAS. This implies an improvement in muscle tone and, consequently, in the patient's mobility and quality of life.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.