ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2024
The Impact of C-3 Side Chain Modifications on Kynurenic Acid: A Behavioral Analysis of Its Analogs in the Motor Domain.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Tryptophan metabolism in glaucomatous optic neuropathy: from metabolic dysregulation to therapeutic opportunities.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- From Polyphenols to Prodrugs: Bridging the Blood-Brain Barrier with Nanomedicine and Neurotherapeutics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Progress in peptide and protein therapeutics: Challenges and strategies.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2025Review
- From Microbial Switches to Metabolic Sensors: Rewiring the Gut-Brain Kynurenine Circuit.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Parkinson's Disease: Bridging Gaps, Building Biomarkers, and Reimagining Clinical Translation.Cells · 2025Review
- Article
- Neuroinflammation and Natural Antidepressants: Balancing Fire with Flora.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Quinoline Quest: Kynurenic Acid Strategies for Next-Generation Therapeutics via Rational Drug Design.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Kynurenine Pathway Dysregulation in Parkinson's Disease: Insights for Disease Modulation and Therapy.International journal of tryptophan research : IJTR · 2025Review
- Revolutionizing our understanding of Parkinson's disease: Dr. Heinz Reichmann's pioneering research and future research direction.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2024Review
- Redefining Roles: A Paradigm Shift in Tryptophan-Kynurenine Metabolism for Innovative Clinical Applications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Untangling Depression in Schizophrenia: The Role of Disorganized and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms and the Duration of Untreated Psychosis.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Vascular Impairment, Muscle Atrophy, and Cognitive Decline: Critical Age-Related Conditions.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Article
- The Involvement of Antioxidants in Cognitive Decline and Neurodegeneration:Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Review
- A Decade of Dedication: Pioneering Perspectives on Neurological Diseases and Mental Illnesses.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Innovation at the Intersection: Emerging Translational Research in Neurology and Psychiatry.Cells · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is the final frontier in drug delivery because of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which poses significant barriers to the access of most drugs to their targets. Kynurenic acid (KYNA), a tryptophan (Trp) metabolite, plays an important role in behavioral functions, and abnormal KYNA levels have been observed in neuropsychiatric conditions. The current challenge lies in delivering KYNA to the CNS owing to its polar side chain. Recently, C-3 side chain-modified KYNA analogs have been shown to cross the BBB; however, it is unclear whether they retain the biological functions of the parent molecule. This study examined the impact of KYNA analogs, specifically, SZR-72, SZR-104, and the newly developed SZRG-21, on behavior. The analogs were administered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.), and their effects on the motor domain were compared with those of KYNA. Specifically, open-field (OF) and rotarod (RR) tests were employed to assess motor activity and skills. SZR-104 increased horizontal exploratory activity in the OF test at a dose of 0.04 μmol/4 μL, while SZR-72 decreased vertical activity at doses of 0.04 and 0.1 μmol/4 μL. In the RR test, however, neither KYNA nor its analogs showed any significant differences in motor skills at either dose. Side chain modification affects affective motor performance and exploratory behavior, as the results show for the first time. In this study, we showed that KYNA analogs alter emotional components such as motor-associated curiosity and emotions. Consequently, drug design necessitates the development of precise strategies to traverse the BBB while paying close attention to modifications in their effects on behavior.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.