ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2024
Haemoglobin mass responses and performance outcomes among high-performance swimmers following a 3-week live-high, train-high camp at 2320 m.
Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rating of perceived exertion in continuous sports: a scoping review with evidence gap map.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2025Pooled it
- Moderate altitude-mimicking CO-induced inhibition of hemoglobin oxygen binding decreased middle-distance swimming speed in male national-level swimmers.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Trial
- Effect of live-high, train-low strategy induced by chronic low-dose carbon monoxide exposure on haematological parameters and performance in trained individuals.Experimental physiology · 2026Trial
- Hematological Adaptations to Altitude Training in Female Water Polo Players: A Case Report of a World Championships Medal-Winning Team.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Hematological and performance adaptations to altitude training (2,320 m) in elite middle-distance and distance swimmers.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimGreater quantification and characterisation of training load (TL) throughout Live-high, train-high (LHTH) altitude (ALT) training is required to identify periodisation strategies that may lead to physiological and performance improvements in swimmers. PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the physiological responses and performance outcomes of 14 high-performance swimmers (FINA points: 836.0 ± 35.1) following 3 weeks of LHTH at 2320 m, while characterising the training load periodisation strategy adopted during the intervention.
methodsHaemoglobin (Hb) mass was measured pre-, 7 and 14 days post-ALT via CO rebreathing. Performance in each athlete's primary event at national standard meets were converted to FINA points and compared from pre-to-post-ALT. TL was quantified at sea level (SL) and ALT through session rating of perceived exertion (RPE), where duration of each session was multiplied by its RPE for each athlete, with all sessions totalled to give a weekly TL. Pre-to-post-ALT changes were evaluated using repeated-measures ANOVA.
resultsHb mass increased significantly from 798 ± 182 g pre-ALT to 828 ± 187 g at 7 days post (p = 0.013) and 833 ± 205 g 14 days post-ALT (p = 0.026). Weekly TL increased from SL (3179 ± 638 au) during week one (4797 ± 1349 au, p < 0.001) and week two (4373 ± 967 au, p < 0.001), but not week three (3511 ± 730 au, p = 0.149). No evidence of improved SL swimming performance was identified.
conclusionA periodisation strategy characterised by a sharp spike in TL followed by a slight de-load towards the end of a LHTH intervention led to improved physiological characteristics but no change in the competitive performance of high-performance swimmers.
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