Time-Series Field Phenotyping of Soybean Growth Analysis by Combining Multimodal Deep Learning and Dynamic Modeling.

The rate of soybean canopy establishment largely determines photoperiodic sensitivity, subsequently influencing yield potential. However, assessing the rate of soybean canopy development in large-scale field breeding trials is both laborious and time-consuming. High-throughput phenotyping methods based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems can be used to monitor and quantitatively describe the development of soybean canopies for different genotypes. In this study, high-resolution and time-series raw data from field soybean populations were collected using UAVs. The RGB (red, green, and blue) and infrared images are used as inputs to construct the multimodal image segmentation model-the RGB & Infrared Feature Fusion Segmentation Network (RIFSeg-Net). Subsequently, the segment anything model was employed to extract complete individual leaves from the segmentation results obtained from RIFSeg-Net. These leaf aspect ratios facilitated the accurate categorization of soybean populations into 2 distinct varieties: oval leaf type variety and lanceolate leaf type variety. Finally, dynamic modeling was conducted to identify 5 phenotypic traits associated with the canopy development rate that differed substantially among the classified soybean varieties. The results showed that the developed multimodal image segmentation model RIFSeg-Net for extracting soybean canopy cover from UAV images outperformed traditional deep learning image segmentation networks (precision = 0.94, recall = 0.93, F1-score = 0.93). The proposed method has high practical value in the field of germplasm resource identification. This approach could lead to the use of a practical tool for further genotypic differentiation analysis and the selection of target genes.