Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38520141›Full record

ArticleAge and ageing2024

The Conceptual Definition of Sarcopenia: Delphi Consensus from the Global Leadership Initiative in Sarcopenia (GLIS).

Ben Kirk, Peggy M Cawthon, Hidenori Arai, José A Ávila-Funes, Rocco Barazzoni, Shalender Bhasin, Ellen F Binder, Olivier Bruyere, Tommy Cederholm, Liang-Kung Chen and 13 more

Registry-linked trialAbstract readConsensus Statement
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Age and ageing, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07530029 (Multimodal Approach to Sarcopenia and Its Prognostic Impact in Older Patients Hospitalized for Acute Heart Failure), which is not on this map. Cited by 314 papers, 17 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
314citing papers in PubMed, 17 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07530029 recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

Multimodal Approach to Sarcopenia and Its Prognostic Impact in Older Patients Hospitalized for Acute Heart Failure (MUSICA Study).

TypeobservationalSponsorFundacion para la Investigacion Biomedica del Hospital Universitario Ramon y CajalRan2026 to 2027Enrolled110ConditionsAcute Heart Failure (AHF), Sarcopenia, Heart Failure
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

314 citing papers in PubMed, 17 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  2. Circulating biomarkers in older adults with and without sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2026
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  7. Skeletal muscle health in childhood cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2026
    Pooled it
  8. How Pragmatic Are Sarcopenia Intervention Studies? A Systematic Review.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2026
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254 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

23 authors.

Ben KirkDepartment of Medicine, Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Peggy M CawthonCalifornia Pacific Medical Center, Research Institute, 550 16th Street, Second Floor, San Francisco, CA 94143USA.
Hidenori AraiNational Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, AichiJapan.
José A Ávila-FunesDepartment of Geriatrics, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.ORCID 0000-0003-0033-5508
Rocco BarazzoniDepartment of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
Shalender BhasinBoston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MAUSA.
Ellen F BinderDivision of General Medicine and Geriatrics, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis MO, USA.
Olivier BruyereWHO Collaborating Center for Public Health Aspects of Musculo-Skeletal Health and Ageing, Division of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
Tommy CederholmDepartment of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Liang-Kung ChenCenter for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
Cyrus CooperMRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
Gustavo DuqueBone, Muscle & Geroscience Group, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
Roger A FieldingNutrition Exercise, Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MAUSA.
Jack GuralnikDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MDUSA.
Douglas P KielDepartment of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MAUSA.
Francesco LandiFondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome 00168, Italy.
Jean-Yves ReginsterWHO Collaborating Center for Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging, Liège, Belgium.
Avan A SayerAGE Research Group, NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle Hospitals and Faculty of Medical Sciences Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
Marjolein VisserDepartment of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Stephan von HaehlingDepartment of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medicine Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany.
Jean WooDepartment of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
Alfonso J Cruz-JentoftServicio de Geriatría, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
Global Leadership Initiative in Sarcopenia (GLIS) group

Funding

U.S. Department of Agriculture 58-1950-4-003
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

importanceSarcopenia, the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength/function, is an important clinical condition. However, no international consensus on the definition exists.

objectiveThe Global Leadership Initiative in Sarcopenia (GLIS) aimed to address this by establishing the global conceptual definition of sarcopenia.

designThe GLIS steering committee was formed in 2019-21 with representatives from all relevant scientific societies worldwide. During this time, the steering committee developed a set of statements on the topic and invited members from these societies to participate in a two-phase International Delphi Study. Between 2022 and 2023, participants ranked their agreement with a set of statements using an online survey tool (SurveyMonkey). Statements were categorised based on predefined thresholds: strong agreement (>80%), moderate agreement (70-80%) and low agreement (<70%). Statements with strong agreement were accepted, statements with low agreement were rejected and those with moderate agreement were reintroduced until consensus was reached.

results107 participants (mean age: 54 ± 12 years [1 missing age], 64% men) from 29 countries across 7 continents/regions completed the Delphi survey. Twenty statements were found to have a strong agreement. These included; 6 statements on 'general aspects of sarcopenia' (strongest agreement: the prevalence of sarcopenia increases with age (98.3%)), 3 statements on 'components of sarcopenia' (muscle mass (89.4%), muscle strength (93.1%) and muscle-specific strength (80.8%) should all be a part of the conceptual definition of sarcopenia)) and 11 statements on 'outcomes of sarcopenia' (strongest agreement: sarcopenia increases the risk of impaired physical performance (97.9%)). A key finding of the Delphi survey was that muscle mass, muscle strength and muscle-specific strength were all accepted as 'components of sarcopenia', whereas impaired physical performance was accepted as an 'outcome' rather than a 'component' of sarcopenia. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: The GLIS has created the first global conceptual definition of sarcopenia, which will now serve to develop an operational definition for clinical and research settings.

Indexed as

SarcopeniaAgedDelphi TechniqueFemaleHumansLeadershipMaleMuscle StrengthconceptualdefinitionsGLISolder peoplesarcopenia

Identifiers

PMID38520141
PMCPMC10960072

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.