ArticleDialogues in health2022
Disparities in mental health symptoms recovery across race/ethnicity and education level following mild traumatic brain injury.
Article in Dialogues in health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Holistic Performance Programming for mTBI Recovery in U.S. Military Tactical Athletes: A Narrative Review.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Inequities in Neuropsychiatric Outcomes After Brain Trauma in the All of Us Database.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Risk factors and intervention strategies for post-traumatic stress disorder following spinal cord injury: a retrospective multivariate analysis of 195 cases.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Art therapy with an African American female combat veteran experiencing effects of mild traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic stress.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Understanding Onset, Dynamic Transitions, and Associated Inequality Risk Factors for Adverse Posttraumatic Neuropsychiatric Sequelae After Trauma Exposure.Psychiatric research and clinical practice · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between race/ethnicity and post-concussive mental health (i.e., depressive, post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD]) and neurobehavioral symptoms among service members, and whether this association differed by education level. Methods: The study sample consisted of 524 patients from a multidisciplinary US military outpatient treatment facility for post-concussive symptoms. Poisson regression with robust error variance was utilized to investigate outcome (i.e., clinically-elevated depressive [Patient Health Questionnaire-8 ≥15], PTSD [PTSD Checklist, DSM 5 ≥38] and neurobehavioral [Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory >75th percentile] symptoms at admission and last follow-up in this cohort study. Modification by education level (low [no college degree] vs. high [associate's degree or higher]) was additionally evaluated. Results: The relationship between race/ethnicity and mental health/neurobehavioral symptoms varied by education level (p-interaction: depressive symptoms = 0.002, PTSD symptoms = 0.035, neurobehavioral symptoms = 0.040). Specifically, non-Whites were at a significantly higher prevalence for clinically-elevated depressive symptoms post-treatment than Whites, but only among those with higher education level (PR = 2.22, CI = 1.37-3.59). A similar trend was demonstrated for PTSD and neurobehavioral symptoms. Conclusion: Military healthcare may need to increase depression-focused treatment options that are acceptable for racial/ethnic minority patients, particularly those with higher education, while they are recovering from comorbid traumatic brain injury.
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