ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2024
Single-step precision programming of decoupled multiresponsive soft millirobots.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Hierarchical laser-programmed soft actuators for designing bionic robots with freeform morphing shapes.Science advances · 2026Article
- Magnetically controlled multimodal motion for environmentally adaptive soft millirobots with transformable wheel-leg morphology.Innovation (Cambridge (Mass.)) · 2026Article
- Ultrasoft hydrogel immune millirobot with multimodal locomotion.Science advances · 2025Article
- Autonomous codesign and fabrication of multistimuli-responsive material systems.Science advances · 2025Article
- Template-free 3D programmable magnetization of soft millirobots induced by interlayer stress.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Hollow fiber-based strain sensors with desirable modulus and sensitivity at effective deformation for dexterous electroelastomer cylindrical actuator.Microsystems & nanoengineering · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Stimuli-responsive soft robots offer new capabilities for the fields of medical and rehabilitation robotics, artificial intelligence, and soft electronics. Precisely programming the shape morphing and decoupling the multiresponsiveness of such robots is crucial to enable them with ample degrees of freedom and multifunctionality, while ensuring high fabrication accuracy. However, current designs featuring coupled multiresponsiveness or intricate assembly processes face limitations in executing complex transformations and suffer from a lack of precision. Therefore, we propose a one-stepped strategy to program multistep shape-morphing soft millirobots (MSSMs) in response to decoupled environmental stimuli. Our approach involves employing a multilayered elastomer and laser scanning technology to selectively process the structure of MSSMs, achieving a minimum machining precision of 30 μm. The resulting MSSMs are capable of imitating the shape morphing of plants and hand gestures and resemble kirigami, pop-up, and bistable structures. The decoupled multistimuli responsiveness of the MSSMs allows them to conduct shape morphing during locomotion, perform logic circuit control, and remotely repair circuits in response to humidity, temperature, and magnetic field. This strategy presents a paradigm for the effective design and fabrication of untethered soft miniature robots with physical intelligence, advancing the decoupled multiresponsive materials through modular tailoring of robotic body structures and properties to suit specific applications.
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Registered trials
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