ArticlePloS one2024
Exploring trends and determinants of basic childhood vaccination coverage: Empirical evidence over 41 years.
Article in PloS one, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Spatial distribution and associated factors of non-uptake of DTP3 vaccination among children aged 12-23 months in East Africa: geospatial analysis.BMC public health · 2026Article
- The decrease in childhood vaccination coverage and its sociodemographic determinants, the Netherlands, birth cohorts 2008 to 2020.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2025Article
- Economic and healthcare determinants of under-five mortality in low-income countries.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Exploring reported causes of vaccine hesitancy among European adolescents and parents: results of a citizen science project.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Differences in routine childhood immunization uptake between single and multiple healthcare facility use: the Kochi Adjunct Study of Japan Environment and Children's Study.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Vaccination is widely considered to be one of the most important prevention measures as a health strategy. This paper examines trends in basic childhood vaccination coverage and which country and time-dependent determinants may have influenced childhood immunization rates (1-dose BCG, 1- and 3-dose DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis), 1-dose measles, and 3-dose polio) between 1980 and 2020 across 94 countries. We identify economic, inequality, demographic, health, education, labor market, environmental, and political stability factors of immunization. To do this, we use data from the annual WHO and United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) coverage estimates. The empirical analysis consists of generalized estimating equation models to assess relationships between immunization rates and socioeconomic factors. Additionally, we follow the Barro and Sala-i-Martín approach to identify conditional convergence. Our findings show the strongest positive statistically significant association between immunization rates and GDP per capita, as well as births attended by skilled health staff. Moreover, our research demonstrates conditional convergence, indicating that countries converge towards different steady states. The present study brings new insights to investigating the determinants of childhood vaccination coverage and provides significant implications for health policies.
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