SynthesisThe Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy2024
A systematic review of national interventions and policies to optimize antibiotic use in healthcare settings in England.
Synthesis in The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Improving healthcare professionals' interactions with patients to tackle antimicrobial resistance: a systematic review of interventions, barriers, and facilitators.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Antimicrobial Stewardship, Laboratory Surveillance, and Quality Management in Africa: A Narrative Review of Challenges and Opportunities for Integrated AMR Control.Health science reports · 2026Article
- How Health Policies Shape Antibiotic Use: A Nationwide Study of "Access"-Group Antibiotics Availability and Consumption in a Middle-Income Country: The Case of Kazakhstan.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Which interventions optimize antibiotic prescribing in primary care in England? A survey and Qualitative Comparative Analysis of NHS Integrated Care Boards.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Article
- Article
- Antimicrobial stewardship reduces antibiotic use density and cost in a Chinese tertiary hospital.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A Regional Approach to Strengthening the Implementation of Sustainable Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs in Five Countries in East, Central, and Southern Africa.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Antimicrobial stewardship in the community setting: a qualitative exploratory study.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2025Article
- Implementation of a National Antimicrobial Stewardship Training Programme for General Practice: A Case Study.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- State of the Art of Antimicrobial and Diagnostic Stewardship in Pediatric Setting.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Point prevalence survey of antibiotics in a pediatric tertiary hospital in the Republic of Panama.Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health · 2025Article
- An integrated framework for antimicrobial resistance: links with climate change and vulnerability.Frontiers in public health · 2025Review
- Setting targets for antibiotic use in general practice in Europe: A scoping review.The European journal of general practice · 2024Article
- Assessing the Reliability and Validity of a Questionnaire Evaluating Medical Students' Attitudes, Knowledge, and Perceptions of Antibiotic Education and Antimicrobial Resistance in University Training.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo identify and assess the effectiveness of national antibiotic optimization interventions in primary and secondary care in England (2013-2022).
methodsA systematic scoping review was conducted. Literature databases (Embase and Medline) were used to identify interventions and evaluations. Reports included the UK AMR Strategy (2013-2018), National Action Plan (2019-2024) and English Surveillance Programme for Antimicrobial Utilisation and Resistance (ESPAUR) reports (2014-2022). The design, focus and quality of evaluations and the interventions' effectiveness were extracted.
findingsFour hundred and seventy-seven peer-reviewed studies and 13 reports were screened. One hundred and three studies were included for review, identifying 109 interventions in eight categories: policy and commissioning (n = 9); classifications (n = 1); guidance and toolkits (n = 22); monitoring and feedback (n = 17); professional engagement and training (n = 19); prescriber tools (n = 12); public awareness (n = 17); workforce and governance (n = 12).Most interventions lack high-quality effectiveness evidence. Evaluations mainly focused on clinical, microbiological or antibiotic use outcomes, or intervention implementation, often assessing how interventions were perceived to affect behaviour. Only 16 interventions had studies that quantified effects on prescribing, of which six reported reductions. The largest reduction was reported with structural-level interventions and attributed to a policy and commissioning intervention (primary care financial incentives). Behavioural interventions (guidance and toolkits) reported the greatest impact in hospitals.
conclusionsMany interventions have targeted antibiotic use, each pulling different levers across the health system simultaneously. On the basis of these studies, structural-level interventions may have the greatest impact. Collectively, the combination of interventions may explain England's decline in prescribing but direct evidence of causality is unavailable.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.