ReviewCurrent pain and headache reports2024
Xylazine: A Drug Adulterant of Clinical Concern.
Review in Current pain and headache reports, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Management of xylazine toxicity, overdose, dependence, and withdrawal: A systematic review.The American journal on addictions · 2025Pooled it
- Interpol review of forensic drug chemistry, 2022-2025.Forensic science international. Synergy · 2026Review
- Xylazine, veterinary anesthetic and recreational drug adulterant, reduces cephalic regeneration and alters defensive responding in planarians.Neurotoxicology · 2026Article
- New trends in the overdose epidemic: postural impact on abusers of fentanyl and xylazine and clinical and forensic implications.Forensic science, medicine, and pathology · 2026Review
- Characterizing pediatric xylazine exposures reported to United States poison centers, 2010-2024.Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- The Effect of Ketamine, Xylazine, and Ketamine/Xylazine Administration on SCN5A (Nav1.5) Gene Expression in Pigeons.Veterinary medicine and science · 2026Article
- Adverse maternal and neonatal effects associated with perinatal xylazine exposure: a systematic review.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Review
- Xylazine exacerbates fentanyl-induced respiratory depression and prevents rescue by naloxone in mice.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Xylazine's κ opioid agonist activity is not shared with other FDA-approved αbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- First Detection of Xylazine in Texas Wastewater and Its Association with Fentanyl Use.ACS ES&T water · 2026Article
- Emergency department-based testing for xylazine and other novel psychoactive substances in Central Alabama: a feasibility study.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Prenatal Opioid Exposure and Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Unmasking a neurotoxic duo: a comprehensive overview of fentanyl-xylazine crosstalk in kinase pathways.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Article
- Advances in drug addiction research usingFrontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Comprehensive method to detect nitazene analogues and xylazine in wastewater.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2025Article
- Emergence of Medetomidine in the Unregulated Drug Supply and Its Association With Hallucinogenic Effects.Drug and alcohol review · 2025Article
- Interactions between cardiorespiratory effects of fentanyl and xylazine and their reversal in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2025Article
- Automating inductive thematic analyses of health content using large language models: a proof-of-concept study using social media data.JAMIA open · 2025Article
- Mu-opioid mediated discriminative stimulus effects of fentanyl and xylazine: Dose-response and time-course studies.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Bacterial and fungal infections in persons who inject drugs.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purpose of reviewThe opioid epidemic has been responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in the USA and worldwide. As a result, it is essential to recognize the threat these potent drugs can cause when illicitly used. Specifically, introducing fentanyl as a drug adulterant has been shown to impact overdose rates drastically. In this regard, the Drug Enforcement Agency recently released a public safety alert announcing the new threat of a new adulterant called xylazine. Xylazine is a powerful animal sedative with a different mechanism of action when compared to illicit opioids such as heroin and fentanyl. Xylazine is typically injected intravenously via a syringe, often in combination with multiple other drugs. One of the most common drugs, xylazine, is taken in combination with fentanyl, with users of this drug combination describing xylazine as prolonging the euphoric sensation produced by fentanyl. RECENT
findingsXylazine may cause adverse effects such as bradycardia, brief hypertension followed by hypotension, premature ventricular contractions, ataxia, slurred speech, sedation, and respiratory depression. Much of the recent literature on xylazine use in humans comes from case reports and review articles. Related to widespread use in veterinary medicine and increasing circulation in illicit drug markets, there is a critical need for public awareness and additional clinical-based studies to further increase understanding of mediated or modulated pharmacological effects of xylazine in humans. Further research is urgently needed to more clearly understand the implications of unregulated xylazine in the illicit drug market, to formulate public health interventions, and to implement harm reduction strategies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.