ReviewNeuroradiology2024
Autoimmune encephalitis: what the radiologist needs to know.
Review in Neuroradiology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed.
- Anti leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) antibody-positive limbic encephalitis with evolving basal ganglia T1WI hyperintensity: A case report.Radiology case reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Copine-5-IgG-related autoimmune encephalitis: a novel paraneoplastic neurological syndrome with a strong melanoma association.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- NGS-diagnosed HBV encephalitis with isolated left parietal lobe involvement: a case report.Virology journal · 2026Article
- Persistent Bilateral [Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Article
- Consider autoimmune encephalitis in cases of headache, dizziness, and mild pleocytosis following SARS-CoV-2 infection.Neurological research and practice · 2026Article
- Behind the mask of relapsing bimodal encephalitis: herpesvirus 7 and Epstein-Barr virus associated with Hashimoto's encephalopathy: a case report.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Multimodal temporal dissociation in anti-GABAFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Novel Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings of Bilaterally Symmetrical Lesions in a Dog With Concomitant Granulomatous Meningoencephalitis and Necrotizing Encephalitis.Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association · 2026Article
- The first reported case ofFrontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Ependymal enhancement on MRI: imaging patterns and diagnostic algorithms - a pictorial essay.Neuroradiology · 2026Review
- Adolescent autoimmune encephalitis with dual positive anti-Drebrin and anti-mGluR2 antibodies: a case report.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Case Report: Epidermal growth factor receptor germline variant associated with epilepsy and rare, distinctive cerebral MRI abnormalities.Frontiers in radiology · 2026Article
- Brain atrophy in autoimmune encephalitis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, treatment, and prognosis-an update.Journal of neurology · 2025Review
- Managing paraneoplastic GABABMC neurology · 2025Article
- Understanding Mechanisms of Whole Brain and Regional Grey Matter Atrophy in Children With MOGAD.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2025Article
- Clinical Features, Antibody Profiles, and Prognostic Factors in Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Single-Center Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Primary autoimmune hypothalamitis: management strategies and long-term outcomes in a tertiary care setting with a focused review of literature.Endocrine · 2025Review
- Pentose phosphate pathway inhibition metabolically reprograms CD8+ T cells and disrupts CNS autoimmunity.JCI insight · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Autoimmune encephalitis is a relatively novel nosological entity characterized by an immune-mediated damage of the central nervous system. While originally described as a paraneoplastic inflammatory phenomenon affecting limbic structures, numerous instances of non-paraneoplastic pathogenesis, as well as extra-limbic involvement, have been characterized. Given the wide spectrum of insidious clinical presentations ranging from cognitive impairment to psychiatric symptoms or seizures, it is crucial to raise awareness about this disease category. In fact, an early diagnosis can be dramatically beneficial for the prognosis both to achieve an early therapeutic intervention and to detect a potential underlying malignancy. In this scenario, the radiologist can be the first to pose the hypothesis of autoimmune encephalitis and refer the patient to a comprehensive diagnostic work-up - including clinical, serological, and neurophysiological assessments.In this article, we illustrate the main radiological characteristics of autoimmune encephalitis and its subtypes, including the typical limbic presentation, the features of extra-limbic involvement, and also peculiar imaging findings. In addition, we review the most relevant alternative diagnoses that should be considered, ranging from other encephalitides to neoplasms, vascular conditions, and post-seizure alterations. Finally, we discuss the most appropriate imaging diagnostic work-up, also proposing a suggested MRI protocol.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.