ArticleColor research and application
Formulae for generating standard and individual human cone spectral sensitivities.
Article in Color research and application. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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14 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Annual Solar Cycles: Investigating Seasonal Variations in Southern Norway and Their Potential Role in Human Eye Growth.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Minimal Mimics and Maps of Natural Light for Mammals.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2026Article
- Calculation of silent substitution stimuli for full-field electroretinography using the SilentSubstiTutor application.Documenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Seeing nonspectral colors with single wavelength stimulation in two-photon vision.Biomedical optics express · 2025Article
- The object-color solid.Journal of vision · 2025Article
- Reconsidering the spectral distribution of light: Do people perceive watts or photons?Lighting research & technology (London, England : 2001) · 2024Article
- Article
- Deriving the cone fundamentals: a subspace intersection method.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2024Article
- Designing for sensory adaptation: what you see depends on what you've been looking at - Recommendations, guidelines and standards should reflect this.Policy insights from the behavioral and brain sciences · 2024Article
- Mapping Quantitative Observer Metamerism of Displays.Journal of imaging · 2023Article
- Correcting images for individual differences in color appearance.Color research and applicationArticle
- Formulae for generating standard and individual human cone spectral sensitivities.Color research and applicationArticle
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Normal color perception is complicated. But at its initial stage it is relatively simple, since at photopic levels it depends on the activations of just three photoreceptor types: the long- (L-), middle- (M-) and short- (S-) wavelength-sensitive cones. Knowledge of how each type responds to different wavelengths-the three cone spectral sensitivities-can be used to model human color vision and in practical applications to specify color and predict color matches. The CIE has sanctioned the cone spectral sensitivity estimates of Stockman and Sharpe (Stockman and Sharpe, 2000, Vision Res) and their associated measures of luminous efficiency as "physiologically-relevant" standards for color vision (CIE, 2006; 2015). These LMS cone spectral sensitivities are specified at 5- and 1-nm steps for mean "standard" observers with normal cone photopigments and average ocular transparencies, both of which can vary in the population. Here, we provide formulae for the three cone spectral sensitivities as well as for macular and lens pigment density spectra, all as continuous functions of wavelength from 360 to 850 nm. These functions reproduce the tabulated discrete CIE LMS cone spectral sensitivities for 2-deg and 10-deg with little error in both linear and logarithmic units. Furthermore, these formulae allow the easy computation of non-standard cone spectral sensitivities (and other color matching functions) with individual differences in macular, lens and photopigment optical densities, and with spectrally shifted hybrid or polymorphic L- and M-cone photopigments appropriate for either normal or red-green color vision deficient observers.
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