ArticleNature communications2024
Long-term effects of Omicron BA.2 breakthrough infection on immunity-metabolism balance: a 6-month prospective study.
Article in Nature communications, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bang-bang control optimization in infectious disease model with incorporating breakthrough and reinfection.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Integrating multi-omics, machine learning, and molecular dynamics simulations to identify glutamate metabolism-related biomarkers and drug candidates in rheumatoid arthritis.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic profiling reveals immune signatures associated with potential COVID-19 susceptibility and a predictive framework in a Chinese cohort.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Fine-tuned protein language model identifies antigen-specific B cell receptors from immune repertoires.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Redefining Normal: Cytokine Dysregulation in Long COVID and the Post-Pandemic Healthy Donors.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Integrated multi-omics characterization across clinically relevant subgroups of long COVID.National science review · 2025Article
- hAb-Convergent: an antibody rearrangement analysis system for therapeutic antibody engineering based on convergent evolution.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Article
- The peptidoglycan ofScience translational medicine · 2025Article
- Efficient boosting of Omicron-reactive memory B cells after breakthrough infection protects from repeated exposure.iScience · 2025Article
- Longitudinal multi-omics analysis of convalescent individuals with respiratory sequelae 6-36 months after COVID-19.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Pilot study: a descriptive-retrospective analysis of SARS-CoV-2 variants distribution and phylogenesis in the Phlegraean area.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2025Article
- Long COVID facts and findings: a large-scale online survey in 74,075 Chinese participants.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2024Article
- Single-cell transcriptome atlas of peripheral immune features to Omicron breakthrough infection under booster vaccination strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
There have been reports of long coronavirus disease (long COVID) and breakthrough infections (BTIs); however, the mechanisms and pathological features of long COVID after Omicron BTIs remain unclear. Assessing long-term effects of COVID-19 and immune recovery after Omicron BTIs is crucial for understanding the disease and managing new-generation vaccines. Here, we followed up mild BA.2 BTI convalescents for six-month with routine blood tests, proteomic analysis and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). We found that major organs exhibited ephemeral dysfunction and recovered to normal in approximately six-month after BA.2 BTI. We also observed durable and potent levels of neutralizing antibodies against major circulating sub-variants, indicating that hybrid humoral immunity stays active. However, platelets may take longer to recover based on proteomic analyses, which also shows coagulation disorder and an imbalance between anti-pathogen immunity and metabolism six-month after BA.2 BTI. The immunity-metabolism imbalance was then confirmed with retrospective analysis of abnormal levels of hormones, low blood glucose level and coagulation profile. The long-term malfunctional coagulation and imbalance in the material metabolism and immunity may contribute to the development of long COVID and act as useful indicator for assessing recovery and the long-term impacts after Omicron sub-variant BTIs.
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Registered trials
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