SynthesisHypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)2024
Association Between Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies With a Quantitative Bias Analysis of Uncontrolled Confounding.
Synthesis in Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Adverse Maternal and Neonatal Health Outcomes: an Umbrella review of Meta-Analyses.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2026Pooled it
- Association between the null polymorphisms of GSTT1 and GSTM1 and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC endocrine disorders · 2025Pooled it
- Gestational Diabetes and Postpartum Cardiovascular, Kidney, and Metabolic Disorders.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Hypertension at 5 months postpartum in women with gestational diabetes.Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · 2026Observational
- A systematic review examining the association between parity and gravidity & hypertension and blood pressure.NPJ cardiovascular health · 2026Article
- Overlap of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Pre-eclampsia: A Scoping Review.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2026Review
- Clinical and Metabolic Predictors of Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancies Complicated by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Risks of cardiometabolic diseases in women with history of adverse pregnancy outcomes.Journal of human hypertension · 2026Review
- A Pilot Study Evaluating Associations between Continuous Glucose Monitoring Metrics in Pregnancy and Postpartum A1c and Blood Pressure.AJP reports · 2026Article
- Non-Traditional Lipid Parameters and Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Mediation by Maternal Metabolites.Journal of diabetes · 2025Observational
- Cardiovascular function in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus and dysglycemia at 5 months postpartum.Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · 2025Article
- Predictive value of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 axis for gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study.BMC endocrine disorders · 2025Article
- Mechanistic study of plastic monomers in gestational diabetes mellitus: A network toxicology and molecular docking approach.PloS one · 2025Article
- History of large-for-gestational-age birth is independently associated with subsequent gestational diabetes in Chinese multiparous women: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Subsequent Risks of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases: the Life Course Perspective and Implications of Racial Disparities.Current diabetes reports · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWhether individuals with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) had an increased risk of hypertension remains unclear. We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to examine the association between GDM and hypertension and performed a quantitative bias analysis to quantify the impact of uncontrolled confounding due to antenatal psychological stress.
methodsWe searched databases (PUBMED, EMBASE, and Web of Science) through 2022/11. Eligible studies were cohort studies that reported the association of GDM with hypertension. We assessed the risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies. We pooled adjusted risk ratios with 95% CIs using a random effects model. We performed the quantitative bias analysis using the bias formula.
resultsWe included 15 cohort studies, with a total of 3 959 520 (GDM, 175 378; non-GDM, 3 784 142) individuals. During the follow-up of 2 to 20 years, 106 560 cases of hypertension were reported. We found that GDM was associated with a higher risk of hypertension (pooled risk ratio, 1.78 [95% CI, 1.47, 2.17]). The risk ratio was lower among cohorts assessing incident (1.58 [95% CI, 1.29, 1.95]) than prevalent hypertension (2.60 [95% CI, 2.40, 2.83]). However, other subgroup analyses showed no differences. The quantitative bias analysis revealed that if the uncontrolled confounder of antenatal psychological stress was additionally adjusted, the positive association between GDM and hypertension would attenuate slightly (≤18%) but remains positive.
conclusionsLimitations of this study included residual confounding and discrepancies in GDM and hypertension ascertainments. Our findings indicate that GDM is positively associated with hypertension after the index pregnancy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.