Trial reportDrug and alcohol dependence2024
Vaporized D-limonene selectively mitigates the acute anxiogenic effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy adults who intermittently use cannabis.
Trial report in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- High-Potency Cannabis Use and Health: A Systematic Review of Observational and Experimental Studies.The American journal of psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- The monoterpenes ⍺-pinene and limonene augment or mitigate THC-induced impairments in sustained attention in rats.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Human behavioral pharmacology of cannabis: Insights on cannabis use disorder.Preventive medicine · 2026Article
- Tomentosin selectively targets microglial pyroptosis to overcome fluoxetine-resistant depression: a network-based therapeutic discovery.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Phytochemical Modulators of Nociception: A Review of Cannabis Terpenes in Chronic Pain Syndromes.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Understanding the Role of Endocannabinoids in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Review
- Data on terpene content in pre-rolled cone paper infused with terpene-containing flavours based on the formation of a partially soluble precipitate.Data in brief · 2024Article
- Somatic Mutation Accumulations in Micropropagated Cannabis Are Proportional to the Number of Subcultures.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The Effect of Cannabidiol on Subjective Responses to Endurance Exercise: A Randomised Controlled Trial.Sports medicine - open · 2024Article
- Vaping ΔExpert review of clinical pharmacologyReview
- The Individual and Interactive Effects of Alpha-Pinene and Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Healthy Adults.Medical cannabis and cannabinoidsArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCannabis contains hundreds of chemical constituents beyond delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is believed to drive most of its acute pharmacodynamic effects. The entourage effect theory asserts that non-THC constituents can impact acute cannabis effects, but few empirical studies have systematically evaluated this theory in humans. This study assessed whether the cannabis terpenoid d-limonene mitigates the acute anxiogenic effects of THC.
methodsTwenty healthy adults completed nine, double-blind outpatient sessions in which they inhaled vaporized THC alone (15mg or 30mg), d-limonene alone (1mg or 5mg), the same doses of THC and d-limonene together, or placebo; a subset of participants (n=12) completed a tenth session in which 30mg THC+15mg d-limonene was administered. Outcomes included subjective drug effects, cognitive/psychomotor performance, vital signs, and plasma THC and d-limonene concentrations.
resultsWhen d-limonene was administered alone, pharmacodynamic outcomes did not differ from placebo. Administration of 15mg and 30mg THC alone produced subjective, cognitive, and physiological effects typical of acute cannabis exposure. Ratings of anxiety-like subjective effects qualitatively decreased as d-limonene dose increased and concurrent administration of 30mg THC+15mg d-limonene significantly reduced ratings of "anxious/nervous" and "paranoid" compared with 30mg THC alone. Other pharmacodynamic effects were unchanged by d-limonene. D-limonene plasma concentrations were dose orderly, and concurrent administration of d-limonene did not alter THC pharmacokinetics.
conclusionsD-limonene selectively attenuated THC-induced anxiogenic effects, suggesting this terpenoid could increase the therapeutic index of THC. Future research should determine whether this effect extends to oral dose formulations and evaluate the interactions between other cannabis terpenoids or cannabinoids and THC.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.