ArticleInternational ophthalmology2024
The role of endothelial growth factor and tear levels in diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes.
Article in International ophthalmology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 3 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tear-fluid-derived biomarkers of ocular complications in diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC medicine · 2025Pooled it
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo evaluate the tear level of VEGF and the quantity of tear film in type 2 diabetic patients.
methodsThirty patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR group) and 30 patients with no DR (NDR group), and 30 healthy subjects with age and gender matching were enrolled in this prospective comparative study. The tear samples were collected using the Schirmer strips, and the amount of moisture absorbed by the strips was used to determine the quantitative level of the tear film. The concentration of VEGF in the tear samples was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The variables were compared with an independent t-test and covariance analysis.
resultsMean tear level of VEGF was significantly higher in DR group (235.42 pg/ml) compared to NDR (75.11 pg/ml) and control (58.77 pg/ml) groups (P ≤ 0.001). There was no significant difference in the mean of VEGF between NDR and control patients (P = 1.00). Mean quantitative tear film levels were 7.15%, 9.72%, and 15.11% in DR, NDR, and healthy subjects, respectively (P < 0.05). The pairwise analysis showed significant differences in the level of VEGF between DR and both NDR (P = 0.001) and normal (P = 0.017) groups. However, there was no significant difference observed between NDR and normal eyes (P = 0.743).
conclusionThe VEGF level in tear was higher in diabetic patients with DR, independent of tear volume. The tear VEGF measurement can be used as a valuable predictor to prevent DR in diabetic patients.
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