ArticleJournal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation2024
Extended reality to assess post-stroke manual dexterity: contrasts between the classic box and block test, immersive virtual reality with controllers, with hand-tracking, and mixed-reality tests.
Article in Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04694833 (Self-assessment and Telerehabilitation Using Virtual Reality Devices and Serious Games to Improve Motor and Cognitive Impairments in Stroke Patients), which is not on this map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Self-assessment and Telerehabilitation Using Virtual Reality Devices and Serious Games to Improve Motor and Cognitive Impairments in Stroke Patients
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed.
- Immersive virtual reality upper-limb exercises in people with Parkinson's disease: an observer-blinded randomised controlled trial.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Mixed Reality as an Environment for Reaction Speed Assessment in Physically Active Young Adults: Measurement Reliability and Participant Experience Compared with Immersive Virtual Reality.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Assessment of Upper Limb Function Using Virtual Reality Technologies in Adults with Neurological Disorders: A Systematic Review.Neurology international · 2026Review
- Concurrent validation of an immersive virtual reality version of the box and block test, the 360° turn test, and the five times sit-to-stand test to assess the functional status of stroke patients.Turkish journal of physical medicine and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Impact of Shoulder Pain on Upper Limb Function: An Observational Study in Post-Stroke Individuals.Brain & NeuroRehabilitation · 2026Article
- Exploring Usability and User Engagement in Fully Immersive Virtual Reality Systems for Upper Limb Stroke Rehabilitation: A Scoping Review.Progress in rehabilitation medicine · 2026Review
- Tools and methods for assessing the usability and related aspects of usability of extended reality and telerehabilitation technologies in stroke rehabilitation: a scoping review.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Review
- Virtual reality as an assessment tool in neurorehabilitation: a scoping review of current evidence and future directions.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Reliability and validity of virtual reality box & block test in healthy adults and patients with stroke: a prospective, multi-center, exploratory, cross-sectional study.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Virtual Reality-Based Rehabilitation Therapy.Physiological research · 2025Review
- Benefits and challenges of the integration of haptics-enhanced virtual reality training within dental curricula.Journal of dental education · 2025Review
- Development and Validation of a Virtual Version of the Box and Block Test to Assess Manual Dexterity at Home for Adults with Stroke and Children with Cerebral Palsy.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Emerging Applications of Augmented and Mixed Reality Technologies in Motor Rehabilitation: A Scoping Review.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Assessing the utility of Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interfaces (RPNIs) in providing referred sensations in a functional task in a virtual environment.IEEE transactions on medical robotics and bionics · 2025Article
- Is It Feasible to Apply a Virtual Box and Block Test in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy?: A Pilot Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Additional VR-based training improves upper extremity functions in subacute stroke patients: a single-blinded pairwise-matched trial.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Clinical Utility and Usability of the Digital Box and Block Test: Mixed Methods Study.JMIR rehabilitation and assistive technologies · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRecent technological advancements present promising opportunities to enhance the frequency and objectivity of functional assessments, aligning with recent stroke rehabilitation guidelines. Within this framework, we designed and adapted different manual dexterity tests in extended reality (XR), using immersive virtual reality (VR) with controllers (BBT-VR-C), immersive VR with hand-tracking (BBT-VR-HT), and mixed-reality (MD-MR).
objectiveThis study primarily aimed to assess and compare the validity of the BBT-VR-C, BBT-VR-HT and MD-MR to assess post-stroke manual dexterity. Secondary objectives were to evaluate reliability, usability and to define arm kinematics measures.
methodsA sample of 21 healthy control participants (HCP) and 21 stroke individuals with hemiparesis (IHP) completed three trials of the traditional BBT, the BBT-VR-C, BBT-VR-HT and MD-MR. Content validity of the different tests were evaluated by asking five healthcare professionals to rate the difficulty of performing each test in comparison to the traditional BBT. Convergent validity was evaluated through correlations between the scores of the traditional BBT and the XR tests. Test-retest reliability was assessed through correlations between the second and third trial and usability was assessed using the System Usability Scale (SUS). Lastly, upper limb movement smoothness (SPARC) was compared between IHP and HCP for both BBT-VR test versions.
resultsFor content validity, healthcare professionals rated the BBT-VR-HT (0[0-1]) and BBT-MR (0[0-1]) as equally difficult to the traditional BBT, whereas they rated BBT-VR-C as more difficult than the traditional BBT (1[0-2]). For IHP convergent validity, the Pearson tests demonstrated larger correlations between the scores of BBT and BBT-VR-HT (r = 0.94;p < 0.001), and BBT and MD-MR (r = 0.95;p < 0.001) than BBT and BBT-VR-C (r = 0.65;p = 0.001). BBT-VR-HT and MD-MR usability were both rated as excellent, with median SUS scores of 83[57.5-91.3] and 83[53.8-92.5] respectively. Excellent reliability was found for the BBT-VR-C (ICC = 0.96;p < 0.001), BBT-VR-HT (ICC = 0.96;p < 0.001) and BBT-MR (ICC = 0.99;p < 0.001). The usability of the BBT-VR-C was rated as good with a median SUS of 70[43.8-83.8]. Upper limb movements of HCP were significantly smoother than for IHP when completing either the BBT-VR-C (t = 2.05;p = 0.043) and the BBT-VR-HT (t = 5.21;p < 0.001).
conclusionThe different XR manual tests are valid, short-term reliable and usable tools to assess post-stroke manual dexterity.
trial registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04694833 ; Unique identifier: NCT04694833, Date of registration: 11/24/2020.
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