ArticleImmunity2024
Persistent immune imprinting occurs after vaccination with the COVID-19 XBB.1.5 mRNA booster in humans.
Article in Immunity, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 88 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 105 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bioengineering strategies for improving the immunogenicity of mRNA vaccines.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Immunological imprinting shapes the cross-reactive antibody responses to the KP.2 and LP.8.1 vaccine doses.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Article
- Potent type-specific de novo antibodies complement broadly reactive imprinted antibodies in immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Respiratory mucosal vaccines for emerging viruses: promise and challenges.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- JN.1-adapted vaccination is associated with readjustment of ancestral memory B cells toward neutralization within the JN.1 antigenic space.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Variant-specific spike conformational dynamics shape memory B cell selection during recall.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Variant-specific and cross-reactive antibody responses following COVID-19 booster vaccinations and SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Evaluating Memory B Cell Cross-Reactivity Between Ancestral and Future SARS-CoV-2 Variants-Evidence for Original Antigenic Sin.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Intranasal boosting induces variant-specific responses in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-imprinted mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection reveals imprinted antibody responses in the absence of vaccination.iScience · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 mRNA XBB1.5 vaccine immunogenicity in kidney transplant recipients.Virology journal · 2026Article
- A designed overlapping variant immunogen pool elicits broad sarbecovirus neutralization.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Induction of Humoral and Cellular Immunity After SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 Vaccination in Individuals With and Without Prior Infection.European journal of immunology · 2026Article
- Antigenic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 variants BA.3.2.1 and BA.3.2.2 in three animal models.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Optimizing mouse models for mRNA vaccines: addressing dose translation challenges.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Three Doses and Six Months Later: Real-World SARS-CoV-2 Specific Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity in Children With Inborn Errors of Immunity.Journal of clinical immunology · 2026Observational
- Building better antibody responses: The interplay of infection, vaccination, and immune imprinting.PNAS nexus · 2026Review
- Repeated COVID-19 vaccine boosters elicit variant-specific memory B cells in humans.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Hitting the hidden: arming the immune system for the next zoonotic coronavirus spillover.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Immune imprinting describes how the first exposure to a virus shapes immunological outcomes of subsequent exposures to antigenically related strains. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron breakthrough infections and bivalent COVID-19 vaccination primarily recall cross-reactive memory B cells induced by prior Wuhan-Hu-1 spike mRNA vaccination rather than priming Omicron-specific naive B cells. These findings indicate that immune imprinting occurs after repeated Wuhan-Hu-1 spike exposures, but whether it can be overcome remains unclear. To understand the persistence of immune imprinting, we investigated memory and plasma antibody responses after administration of the updated XBB.1.5 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine booster. We showed that the XBB.1.5 booster elicited neutralizing antibody responses against current variants that were dominated by recall of pre-existing memory B cells previously induced by the Wuhan-Hu-1 spike. Therefore, immune imprinting persists after multiple exposures to Omicron spikes through vaccination and infection, including post XBB.1.5 booster vaccination, which will need to be considered to guide future vaccination.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.