Observational studyBMJ open2024
Subphenotypes of self-reported symptoms and outcomes in long COVID: a prospective cohort study with latent class analysis.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Healthcare-associated COVID-19 in Ontario, Canada: case classification and relative mortality.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Assessment of long COVID symptom burden in patients testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 at a nationwide retail pharmacy.PloS one · 2026Article
- Identifying subtypes of Long COVID: a systematic review.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- COVID-19-associated neurological and psychological manifestations.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2025Review
- Oral and gut microbiota relate to symptom subphenotypes in long COVID, independent of viral persistence.iScience · 2025Article
- Viral persistence in long COVID: Research advances and treatment strategies.Infectious diseases & immunity · 2025Review
- Long COVID as an Infection-Associated Chronic Condition: Implications.American journal of health promotion : AJHP · 2025Article
- Trajectories of Health-Related Quality of Life 2 Years After Mild/Moderate Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in the Pre-Omicron Era.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Trajectories of persisting Covid- 19 symptoms up to 24 months after acute infection: findings from the Predi-Covid cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Observational
- Article
- Associations between symptom-based long COVID clusters and long-term quality of life, work and daily activities among individuals testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 at a national retail pharmacy.Journal of patient-reported outcomes · 2024Article
- Multidimensional Characterization of Long COVID Fatigue.Behavioral sleep medicineArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
24 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo characterise subphenotypes of self-reported symptoms and outcomes (SRSOs) in postacute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC).
designProspective, observational cohort study of subjects with PASC.
settingAcademic tertiary centre from five clinical referral sources.
participantsAdults with COVID-19 ≥20 days before enrolment and presence of any new self-reported symptoms following COVID-19. EXPOSURES: We collected data on clinical variables and SRSOs via structured telephone interviews and performed standardised assessments with validated clinical numerical scales to capture psychological symptoms, neurocognitive functioning and cardiopulmonary function. We collected saliva and stool samples for quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA via quantitative PCR. OUTCOMES MEASURES: Description of PASC SRSOs burden and duration, derivation of distinct PASC subphenotypes via latent class analysis (LCA) and relationship with viral load.
resultsWe analysed baseline data for 214 individuals with a study visit at a median of 197.5 days after COVID-19 diagnosis. Participants reported ever having a median of 9/16 symptoms (IQR 6-11) after acute COVID-19, with muscle-aches, dyspnoea and headache being the most common. Fatigue, cognitive impairment and dyspnoea were experienced for a longer time. Participants had a lower burden of active symptoms (median 3 (1-6)) than those ever experienced (p<0.001). Unsupervised LCA of symptoms revealed three clinically active PASC subphenotypes: a high burden constitutional symptoms (21.9%), a persistent loss/change of smell and taste (20.6%) and a minimal residual symptoms subphenotype (57.5%). Subphenotype assignments were strongly associated with self-assessments of global health, recovery and PASC impact on employment (p<0.001) as well as referral source for enrolment. Viral persistence (5.6% saliva and 1% stool samples positive) did not explain SRSOs or subphenotypes.
conclusionsWe identified three distinct PASC subphenotypes. We highlight that although most symptoms progressively resolve, specific PASC subpopulations are impacted by either high burden of constitutional symptoms or persistent olfactory/gustatory dysfunction, requiring prospective identification and targeted preventive or therapeutic interventions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.