ArticleThe Lancet. Global health2024
Incidence of typhoid fever in Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Madagascar, and Nigeria (the Severe Typhoid in Africa programme): a population-based study.
Erratum issuedOpen access · goldAbstract read
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Article in The Lancet. Global health, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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24citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
17.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk Factors for Typhoid Fever: Systematic Review.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Pooled it
- Epidemiology, Temporal Trends and Resistance Patterns of ESBL-Producing Non-TyphoidalAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
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- Leptospirosis Incidence at Four Sites in Sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia: An International Multi-Site Hybrid Surveillance Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Statistical methods for predicting the presence of Salmonella Typhi in wastewater samples at Asante Akyem Agogo, Ghana.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
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- Patterns of antibiotic use for acute febrile illness in resource-limited settings: a multicenter study in DR Congo, Kenya and Uganda.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Laboratory epidemiology ofOne health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Comparing existing and novel methods for estimating etiology-specific diarrheal disease incidence in hybrid surveillance studies.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Non-typhoidal Salmonella combination vaccines: clinical development plan and regulatory considerations.Vaccine · 2025Review
- A cost-benefit analysis of using wastewater monitoring to guide typhoid vaccine campaigns.Tropical diseases, travel medicine and vaccines · 2025Article
- COVID-19 Surveillance in Madagascar and Urban Burkina Faso: Addressing Underreporting of Disease Burden Through Integrative Analysis of Diverse Data Streams.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- Article
- Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Typhoid Fever in Ghana: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- WHO preferred product characteristics for bivalent Salmonella Typhi/Paratyphi A vaccine for comprehensive protection against enteric fever- key considerations and research gaps.Gates open research · 2025Review
- Sociodemographic and clinical factors influencing typhoid fever prevalence and multidrug resistance in Niger State, Nigeria.PloS one · 2025Article
- Carbapenems: The Final Line of Defense in Typhoid Fever Treatment at Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar.Cureus · 2025Article
- Slow-growing Salmonella enterica serovariety Typhi mis-identified as serovariety Gallinarum in Ibadan, Nigeria.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Evaluation of Moore and grab sampling method for Salmonella Typhi detection in environmental samples in Ghana.PloS one · 2025Article
- The global burden of enteric fever, 2017-2021: a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2021.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
79 authors at 20 institutions in 18 countries.
Florian MarksInternational Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Madagascar Institute for Vaccine Research, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar. Electronic address: fmarks@ivi.int.
Justin ImInternational Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
Se Eun ParkInternational Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Yonsei University Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul, South Korea; Yonsei University Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul, South Korea.
Gi Deok PakInternational Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
Hyon Jin JeonInternational Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK; Madagascar Institute for Vaccine Research, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
Lady Rosny Wandji NanaInstitut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Marie-France PhobaDepartment of Microbiology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Department of Medical Biology, Microbiology Service, University Teaching Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Lisette Mbuyi-KalonjiDepartment of Microbiology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Department of Medical Biology, Microbiology Service, University Teaching Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Ondari D MogeniInternational Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
Biruk YeshitelaArmauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Ursula PanznerInternational Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
Ligia María Cruz EspinozaInternational Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
Tigist BeyeneArmauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Michael Owusu-AnsahSchool of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
Sampson Twumasi-AnkrahSchool of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
Melese YeshambawArmauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Ashenafi AlemuDepartment of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Oluwafemi J AdewusiCollege of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Olukemi AdekanmbiDepartment of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Ellen HigginsonCambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
Akinlolu AdepojuDepartment of Paediatrics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Sarah AgbiDepartment of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Enoch G CakpoInstitut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Veronica O OgunleyeDepartment of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Gaëlle Nkoji TundaDepartment of Microbiology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Faculty of Medicine, Congo Protestant University, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Odion O IkhimiukorDepartment of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Jules MbuyambaDepartment of Microbiology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Department of Medical Biology, Microbiology Service, University Teaching Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Trevor ToyInternational Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
Francis Opoku AgyapongDepartment of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
Isaac OseiMedical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia; Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
John AmuasiSchool of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Bernhard Nocht Institute of Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany; Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana.
Tsiriniaina Jean Luco RazafindrabeMadagascar Institute for Vaccine Research, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
Tiana Mirana RaminosoaMadagascar Institute for Vaccine Research, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
Gabriel NyirendaInternational Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
Njariharinjakampionona RandriamampiononaMadagascar Institute for Vaccine Research, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
Hyeong Won SeoInternational Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
Hyejin SeoInternational Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
Mohamadou SiribieInternational Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
Megan E CareyDepartment of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, UK.
Michael OwusuDepartment of Medical Diagnostics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Centre for Health System Strengthening (CfHSS), Kumasi, Ghana; Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana.
Christian G MeyerInstitute of Tropical Medicine, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.
Ndrainaharimira RakotozandrindrainyMadagascar Institute for Vaccine Research, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
Nimarko SarpongSchool of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
Mathilde RazafindrakaliaMadagascar Institute for Vaccine Research, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
Ravomialisoa RazafimanantsoaMadagascar Institute for Vaccine Research, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
Moussa OuedraogoHôpital Protestant Schiphra, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Yeonseon J KimInternational Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
Jooah LeeInternational Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Raphaël M ZellwegerInternational Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
Sophie S Y KangInternational Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
Ju Yeon ParkInternational Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
John A CrumpCentre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Liselotte HardyDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
Jan JacobsDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven Belgium.
Denise O GarrettSabin Vaccine Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
Jason R AndrewsDivision of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
Nimesh PoudyalInternational Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
Deok Ryun KimInternational Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
John D ClemensInternational Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Stephen G BakerCambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
Jerome H KimInternational Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Life Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
Gordon DouganCambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
Jonathan D SugimotoInternational Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Cooperative Studies Program, Office of Research and Development, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA USA.
Sandra Van PuyveldeCambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK; Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.
Aderemi KehindeDepartment of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Oluwafemi A PopoolaDepartment of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria; Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Vittal MogasaleInternational Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
Robert F BreimanDepartment of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
William R MacWrightPublic Health Surveillance Group, Princeton, NJ, USA.
Abraham AseffaArmauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Birkneh Tilahun TadesseInternational Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Andrea HaselbeckInternational Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
Yaw Adu-SarkodieSchool of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
Mekonnen TeferiArmauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Abdramane Soura BassiahiInstitut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Iruka N OkekeDepartment of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Octavie Lunguya-MetilaDepartment of Microbiology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Department of Medical Biology, Microbiology Service, University Teaching Hospital of Kinshasa, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Ellis Owusu-DaboSchool of Public Health, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
Raphaël RakotozandrindrainyMadagascar Institute for Vaccine Research, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
International Vaccine Institute · KRKwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology · GHUniversity of Antananarivo · MGUniversity of Ibadan · NGArmauer Hansen Research Institute · ETNational Institute of Biomedical Research · CDUniversity College Hospital, Ibadan · NGUniversity of Cambridge · GBInstitut Superieur Des Sciences De La Population · BFLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine · GBDuy Tan University · VNInstituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde · BEKarolinska Institutet · SEKinshasa General Hospital · CDKU Leuven · BEKumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine · GHSabin Vaccine Institute · USSeoul National University · KRStanford University · USUniversité Joseph Ki-Zerbo · BF
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTyphoid Fever remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in low-income settings. The Severe Typhoid in Africa programme was designed to address regional gaps in typhoid burden data and identify populations eligible for interventions using novel typhoid conjugate vaccines.
methodsA hybrid design, hospital-based prospective surveillance with population-based health-care utilisation surveys, was implemented in six countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Patients presenting with fever (≥37·5°C axillary or ≥38·0°C tympanic) or reporting fever for three consecutive days within the previous 7 days were invited to participate. Typhoid fever was ascertained by culture of blood collected upon enrolment. Disease incidence at the population level was estimated using a Bayesian mixture model.
findings27 866 (33·8%) of 82 491 participants who met inclusion criteria were recruited. Blood cultures were performed for 27 544 (98·8%) of enrolled participants. Clinically significant organisms were detected in 2136 (7·7%) of these cultures, and 346 (16·2%) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi were isolated. The overall adjusted incidence per 100 000 person-years of observation was highest in Kavuaya and Nkandu 1, Democratic Republic of the Congo (315, 95% credible interval 254-390). Overall, 46 (16·4%) of 280 tested isolates showed ciprofloxacin non-susceptibility.
interpretationHigh disease incidence (ie, >100 per 100 000 person-years of observation) recorded in four countries, the prevalence of typhoid hospitalisations and complicated disease, and the threat of resistant typhoid strains strengthen the need for rapid dispatch and implementation of effective typhoid conjugate vaccines along with measures designed to improve clean water, sanitation, and hygiene practices.
fundingThe Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Indexed as
Typhoid FeverVaccinesBayes TheoremBurkina FasoDemocratic Republic of the CongoEthiopiaGhanaHumansIncidenceMadagascarNigeriaProspective StudiesVaccines
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