SynthesisPloS one2024
The effectiveness of botulinum toxin for temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of oral & facial pain and headache · 2026Pooled it
- Advanced, pharmacological and complementary interventions for chronic or recurrent orofacial pain conditions: a systematic evidence map with selective meta-analyses.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Pooled it
- Current Strategies in the Development of Nanoformulations to Enhance the Stability of Botox: A Systematic Review.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Pooled it
- Efficacy of intra-articular opioid injections for managing temporomandibular joint nociception: a systematic review.Pain management · 2025Pooled it
- Effect on Pain Following One Session of Botulinum Toxin Type A in Patients With Jaw Myalgia: A Randomised Double-Blind Controlled Multicentre Pilot Study.Journal of oral rehabilitation · 2025Trial
- Efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in myogenic temporomandibulardisorders: a single arm, prospective, pilot study.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2025Trial
- One Molecule, Different Circuits? What Botulinum Toxin Can and Cannot Reveal About Craniocervical Comorbidity.Toxins · 2026Review
- Review
- Accuracy and empathy of AI-based conversational chatbots in response to temporomandibular dysfunction related queries.PEC innovation · 2026Article
- Comparison of digital splints versus traditional splints for bruxism management: a systematic review.BDJ open · 2026Review
- Diagnosis-based pathways for conservative and minimally invasive management of temporomandibular disorders: a scoping review.Journal of oral & facial pain and headache · 2026Article
- Clostridium botulinum serotype B: microbial genetics, toxin biosynthesis, current applications, and future prospects.Archives of microbiology · 2025Review
- OnabotulinumtoxinA to Prevent Chronic Migraine with Comorbid Bruxism: Real-World Data from the GRASP Study Group.Toxins · 2025Article
- Functional Effects of BoNT-A Application in Masseter Muscle in Patients with Symptoms of Bruxism.Toxins · 2025Article
- Multimodal Approaches in the Management of Temporomandibular Disorders: A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to temporomandibular disorder chronic pain: a narrative review.Pain management · 2025Review
- Anterior Disc Displacement of Temporomandibular Joint: Imaging Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Treatment.International journal of general medicine · 2025Review
- Case Report: A complex case of neuropathy and temporomandibular disorders manifesting as otalgia.Frontiers in oral health · 2025Article
- Distinguishing chronic pain from mechanical factors in chronic TMD: a narrative review.Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand · 2025Review
- Botulinum Toxin Type A and Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Fillers in Dentistry: A Systematic Review of Clinical Application and Indications.Journal of clinical medicine research · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe current body of research on utilizing botulinum toxin (BTX) to manage temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) has not yet yielded definitive conclusions. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of BTX in pain reduction for TMDs compared to placebo and other treatments. The secondary outcomes evaluated were adverse events, maximum mouth opening, bruxism events, and maximum occlusal force. MATERIALS AND
methodsA literature search was performed on PubMed, Dimension Publication, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The RoB 2 tool was used for quality assessment. The mean differences in pain scores were estimated to measure the effect of BTX on pain reduction. For adverse events, the risk ratio for the incidence of side effects was calculated.
resultsTwo hundred and sixty non-duplicate articles were identified; however, only 14 RCTS were included in this review. The total study population included 395 patients. The overall risk of bias showed a low to moderate quality of evidence. Results from 6 studies were reported only narratively; four studies were used for meta-analysis on pain reduction, and five were used for meta-analysis on adverse events. The control used in the meta-analysis was placebo injections. Results of the meta-analysis for pain reduction were statistically insignificant for the BTX group with mean differences at MD = -1.71 (95% CI, -2.87 to -0.5) at one month, -1.53 (95% CI, -2.80 to -0.27) at three months, and -1.33 (95% CI, -2.74 to 0.77) at six months. This showed that BTX treatment was not significantly better than placebo for a reduction in pain scores at 1, 3, and 6 months. Regarding safety, the placebo group showed a relative risk of 1.34 (95%CI, 0.48-6.78) and 1.17 (95%CI, 0.54-3.88) at 1 and 3 months respectively. However, the risks were not statistically significant. There was also no difference in the effectiveness of BTX compared to placebo and other treatments for maximum mouth opening, bruxism events, and maximum occlusal force.
conclusionBTX was not associated with better outcomes in terms of pain reduction, adverse events, maximum mouth opening, bruxism events, and maximum occlusal force. More high-quality RCTs are needed to better understand this topic.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.