ArticleBMC endocrine disorders2024
Secretion of glucagon, GLP-1 and GIP may be affected by circadian rhythm in healthy males.
Article in BMC endocrine disorders, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06166368 (the Bispebjerg Study of Diurnal Variations), which is not on this map. Cited by 17 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
the Bispebjerg Study of Diurnal Variations
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Preventing and treating childhood obesity by sleeping better: a systematic review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Pooled it
- The research progress and prospects of circadian rhythm in obesity: a bibliometric analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Glycemic Benefit of Insulin Degludec/Insulin Aspart Compared to Basal Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Associated with Impaired Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Response: A Randomized Crossover Trial.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Review
- Bidirectional regulation between circadian feeding behavior and specialized midgut clocks inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels are associated with acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery.Scientific reports · 2026Observational
- Exercise Timing and its Effects on Eating Behavior, Weight, and Body Composition: A Systematic Scoping Review to Identify Gaps and Inform Future Research.Current nutrition reports · 2026Article
- Circadian influences on glycemic control in 24-hr fasts initiated at different mealtimes.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Late-Night Feeding, Sleep Disturbance, and Nocturnal Congestion Mediated by Hyperglycemia, Renal Sodium Retention, and Cortisol: A Narrative Review.Clocks & sleep · 2025Review
- Sleep and circadian effects on the incretin system.Current sleep medicine reports · 2025Article
- Temporal variation in circulating GDF15 over 24 h in healthy young males.Physiological reports · 2025Article
- The Chronobiology of Hormone Administration: "Doctor, What Time Should I Take My Medication?"Endocrine reviews · 2025Review
- Diurnal rhythm of the human plasma proteome.Clinical proteomics · 2025Article
- The effects of initiating a 24-hour fast with a low versus a high carbohydrate shake on glycemic control in older adults: a randomized crossover study.Nutrition & metabolism · 2025Article
- The evolution of the therapeutic concept 'GIP receptor antagonism'.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- Circadian system and aging: where both times interact.Frontiers in aging · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGlucagon is secreted from pancreatic alpha cells in response to low blood glucose and increases hepatic glucose production. Furthermore, glucagon enhances hepatic protein and lipid metabolism during a mixed meal. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are secreted from gut endocrine cells during meals and control glucose homeostasis by potentiating insulin secretion and inhibiting food intake. Both glucose homeostasis and food intake have been reported to be affected by circadian rhythms and vice versa. In this study, we investigated whether the secretion of glucagon, GLP-1 and GIP was affected by circadian rhythms.
methodsA total of 24 healthy men with regular sleep schedules were examined for 24 h at the hospital ward with 15 h of wakefulness and 9 h of sleep. Food intake was standardized, and blood samples were obtained every third hour. Plasma concentrations of glucagon, GLP-1 and GIP were measured, and data were analyzed by rhythmometric statistical methods. Available data on plasma glucose and plasma C-peptide were also included.
resultsPlasma concentrations of glucagon, GLP-1, GIP, C-peptide and glucose fluctuated with a diurnal 24-h rhythm, with the highest levels during the day and the lowest levels during the night: glucagon (p < 0.0001, peak time 18:26 h), GLP-1 (p < 0.0001, peak time 17:28 h), GIP (p < 0.0001, peak time 18:01 h), C-peptide (p < 0.0001, peak time 17.59 h), and glucose (p < 0.0001, peak time 23:26 h). As expected, we found significant correlations between plasma concentrations of C-peptide and GLP-1 and GIP but did not find correlations between glucose concentrations and concentrations of glucagon, GLP-1 and GIP.
conclusionsOur results demonstrate that under meal conditions that are similar to that of many free-living individuals, plasma concentrations of glucagon, GLP-1 and GIP were observed to be higher during daytime and evening than overnight. These findings underpin disturbed circadian rhythm as a potential risk factor for diabetes and obesity.
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06166368. Registered 12 December 2023.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.