SynthesisBMJ open respiratory research2024
Risk factors for pulmonary tuberculosis recurrence, relapse and reinfection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMJ open respiratory research, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Treatment shortening and relapse control in drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis: a network meta-analysis of randomized trials.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Pooled it
- ClpC1-dependent iron homeostasis underlies mycobacterial defense against oxygen-driven Fenton reaction during reactivation.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- A model for the epidemiological impact of tuberculosis policy options.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2026Article
- Hidden in Success: Gendered Patterns of Suboptimal Care Engagement Among Tuberculosis Patients Who "Successfully" Completed Treatment in South Africa.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Pulmonary cavitation as a dominant prognostic indicator in tuberculosis complicated by chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: a retrospective cohort study.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Factors Involved in Tuberculosis Recurrence in a Low-incidence Setting; Reactivation Predominates Over Reinfection in a 30-year Surveillance Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Evolving profiles and treatment success predictors among tuberculosis patients in Uganda from 2019 to 2023: a registry based study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Host response biomarkers of tuberculosis recurrence and treatment failure.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Analysis of High-Risk Factors for Tuberculosis Retreatment Based on Machine Learning and Latent Class Analysis.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Article
- Epidemiological analysis and risk factors of recurrent pulmonary tuberculosis in Western Zhejiang Province, China (2007-2024).Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Cost-utility analysis of stratified isoniazid dosing by NAT2 genotype compared with isoniazid standard regimen for new patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Thailand.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Advanced Nanosystems and Emerging Therapies: Innovations in Tuberculosis Treatment and Drug Resistance.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Hidden in Success: Gendered Patterns of Suboptimal Care Engagement Among TB Patients Who "Successfully" Completed Treatment in South Africa.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Advances in host-directed therapy for tuberculosis and HIV coinfection: enhancing immune responses.Trends in microbiology · 2025Review
- Predictive modelling of air pollution affecting human tuberculosis risk on Mainland China.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- ThemedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Impact of a TB Team on TB Outcomes: A 2016-2024 Pre-Post Study From a Referral Center in Southern Italy.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Risk factors for the progression from pulmonary tuberculosis to spinal tuberculosis: a logistic regression analysis.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2025Article
- Integrating narrative and bibliometric approaches to examine factors and impacts of tuberculosis treatment non-compliance.Multidisciplinary respiratory medicine · 2025Article
- Feasibility of ending tuberculosis in Shangrao City through active intervention measures: a mathematical study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe rate of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) recurrence is substantial. Identifying risk factors can support the development of prevention strategies.
methodsWe retrieved studies published between 1 January 1980 and 31 December 2022 that assessed factors associated with undifferentiated TB recurrence, relapse or reinfection. For factors reported in at least four studies, we performed random-effects meta-analysis to estimate a pooled relative risk (RR). We assessed heterogeneity, risk of publication bias and certainty of evidence.
resultsWe included 85 studies in the review; 81 documented risk factors for undifferentiated recurrence, 17 for relapse and 10 for reinfection. The scope for meta-analyses was limited given the wide variety of factors studied, inconsistency in control for confounding and the fact that only few studies employed molecular genotyping. Factors that significantly contributed to moderately or strongly increased pooled risk and scored at least moderate certainty of evidence were: for undifferentiated recurrence, multidrug resistance (MDR) (RR 3.49; 95% CI 1.86 to 6.53) and fixed-dose combination TB drugs (RR 2.29; 95% CI 1.10 to 4.75) in the previous episode; for relapse, none; and for reinfection, HIV infection (RR 4.65; 95% CI 1.71 to 12.65). Low adherence to treatment increased the pooled risk of recurrence 3.3-fold (95% CI 2.37 to 4.62), but the certainty of evidence was weak.
conclusionThis review emphasises the need for standardising methods for TB recurrence research. Actively pursuing MDR prevention, facilitating retention in treatment and providing integrated care for patients with HIV could curb recurrence rates. The use of fixed-dose combinations of TB drugs under field conditions merits further attention. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42018077867.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.