Evidence map›Paper›PMID 38474790›Full record

ReviewNutrients2024

Creating a Framework for Treating Autoimmune Gastritis-The Case for Replacing Lost Acid.

Lori Taylor, Andrew McCaddon, Bruce H R Wolffenbuttel

Registry-linked trialOpen access · goldAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Nutrients, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06881511 (Exploratory Study on the Efficacy of Betaine Hydrochloride in Treating Autoimmune Gastritis), which is not on this map. Cited by 10 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
10citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
7.4field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT06881511 narecruitingnot on this mapstarted 2025, after this paper: background citation

Exploratory Study on the Efficacy of Betaine Hydrochloride in Treating Autoimmune Gastritis

TypeinterventionalSponsorSecond Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of MedicineRan2025 to 2026Enrolled100ConditionsAutoimmune GastritisArmsNo intervention (Control Group), Oral betaine hydrochloride (2 capsules, 3 times daily)
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

10 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 13 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Review
  6. Review
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Autoimmune Gastritis: Unveiling the Mystery.The Korean journal of helicobacter and upper gastrointestinal research · 2025
    Review
  10. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Lori TaylorFaculty of Integrative and Functional Nutrition, Saybrook University, Pasadena, CA 91103, USA.
Andrew McCaddonFaculty of Social and Life Sciences, Wrexham University, Wrexham LL11 2AW, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-8588-9061
Bruce H R WolffenbuttelUniversity of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
Saybrook University · USUniversity Medical Center Groningen · NL

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Autoimmune gastritis (AIG) is characterized by the destruction of gastric parietal cells, resulting in hypochlorhydria and eventual achlorhydria, as oxyntic glands in the corpus are destroyed and become atrophic. The permanent loss of gastric acid has many impacts-both theoretical and documented. The most concerning of these are hypergastrinemia and increased N-nitroso compounds, both of which increase the risk of gastric cancers. While known deficiencies of B12 and iron are often replaced in AIG, acid is not. Moreover, patients with AIG are often prescribed acid suppression for a stomach that is decidedly no longer acidic, worsening the sequelae of gastric atrophy. Betaine hydrochloride (BHCL) is a short-acting acidifying agent, available over the counter in capsule form. Mealtime acid supplementation has an historic basis and could ameliorate many AIG-related gastrointestinal symptoms. Theoretically, acidification could also reduce the potential for hypergastrinemia and the production of N-nitroso compounds, consequently reducing the risk of gastric cancers. Supplemental vitamin C may also help in preventing gastric N-nitroso formation, regardless of the gastric pH. This narrative review describes the functions of gastric acid in gastrointestinal and immune health, documents the effects of hypochlorhydria in AIG, and proposes potential options for safely re-establishing the acid milieu of the stomach for patients with AIG.

Indexed as

AchlorhydriaAutoimmune DiseasesGastritisGastritis, AtrophicStomach NeoplasmsGastric MucosaHumansNitroso CompoundsNitroso Compoundsatrophic gastritisautoimmune gastritisB12 deficiencybetaine hydrochlorideH2 receptor antagonistshypochlorhydriairon deficiencypernicious anemiaproton pump inhibitorsvitamin C

Identifiers

PMID38474790
PMCPMC10934127
OpenAlexW4392193491

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.