ReviewFrontiers in immunology2024
Novel adjuvants in allergen-specific immunotherapy: where do we stand?
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Pilot Randomised Controlled Dose-Ranging Trial of Ant Venom Immunotherapy With and Without Delta-Inulin Adjuvant.Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2026Trial
- Next-generation vaccine adjuvants: Integrating nanotechnology, systems immunology, and computational approaches for precision vaccinology.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Management and Immunotherapy for Fungal Allergy: Clinical Practice and Unmet Needs.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Artificial intelligence in immunotherapy: revolutionizing diagnostic and therapeutic applications in cancer and autoimmune diseases.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Microcrystalline tyrosine as a novel depot-forming agent in venom immunotherapy: a pre-clinical evaluation in bee-venom allergic mice.Frontiers in allergy · 2026Article
- Adjuvant Strategies to Improve the Efficacy of Allergen Immunotherapy.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Review
- Explainable deep learning approaches and clinical insights for cancer biomarker identification.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Development of an intestinal allergy model to evaluate the initial introduction of infant rice cereal.NPJ science of food · 2025Article
- Patient preference in allergen immunotherapy - Understanding the patient's view.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2025Article
- Next-Generation Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy for Food Allergy.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- A mucosal vaccine prevents eosinophilic allergic airway inflammation by modulating immune responses to allergens in a murine model of airway disease.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Methylated CpG ODNs fromInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Adverse reactions of rush subcutaneous immunotherapy using standardized house dust mite allergen extract and its prediction model construction and analysis.Asia Pacific allergy · 2025Article
- Nigella sativa monophosphoryl lipid A nanoliposome: a promising antibiotic alternative and immunomodulator to control virulent pandemic drug-resistant Salmonella pullorum infection in broiler chicks.BMC veterinary research · 2025Article
- Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy and Trained Immunity.Allergy · 2025Review
- Beyond the Needle: Innovative Microneedle-Based Transdermal Vaccination.Medicines (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The clinical application of artificial intelligence in cancer precision treatment.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- Novel Approaches to Allergen Immunotherapy for Respiratory Allergies.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Virus-like Particles as Vaccines for Allergen-Specific Therapy: An Overview of Current Developments.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Probiotics and other adjuvants in allergen-specific immunotherapy for food allergy: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in allergy · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Type I hypersensitivity, or so-called type I allergy, is caused by Th2-mediated immune responses directed against otherwise harmless environmental antigens. Currently, allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only disease-modifying treatment with the potential to re-establish clinical tolerance towards the corresponding allergen(s). However, conventional AIT has certain drawbacks, including long treatment durations, the risk of inducing allergic side effects, and the fact that allergens by themselves have a rather low immunogenicity. To improve AIT, adjuvants can be a powerful tool not only to increase the immunogenicity of co-applied allergens but also to induce the desired immune activation, such as promoting allergen-specific Th1- or regulatory responses. This review summarizes the knowledge on adjuvants currently approved for use in human AIT: aluminum hydroxide, calcium phosphate, microcrystalline tyrosine, and MPLA, as well as novel adjuvants that have been studied in recent years: oil-in-water emulsions, virus-like particles, viral components, carbohydrate-based adjuvants (QS-21, glucans, and mannan) and TLR-ligands (flagellin and CpG-ODN). The investigated adjuvants show distinct properties, such as prolonging allergen release at the injection site, inducing allergen-specific IgG production while also reducing IgE levels, as well as promoting differentiation and activation of different immune cells. In the future, better understanding of the immunological mechanisms underlying the effects of these adjuvants in clinical settings may help us to improve AIT.
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