ArticleScientific reports2024
Impact of SARS-CoV-2 spike stability and RBD exposure on antigenicity and immunogenicity.
Article in Scientific reports, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Multi-antigen coronavirus vaccine induces potent and durable cross-protection against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Clade-3 Bat Sarbecovirus PRD0038 Reveals Constraints on Coronavirus Emergence and Immune Sensitivity.Research square · 2026Article
- AI-guided prefusion stabilization of the human coronavirus OC43 spike protein enables universal embecovirus antigen design.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Neutralization and ADCC reveal divergent spike-subdomain targeting across SARS-CoV-2 vaccine platforms in an African cohort.iScience · 2026Article
- Molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry: implications for biomedical strategies.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- Lipid Nanoparticle Development for A Fluvid mRNA Vaccine Targeting Seasonal Influenza and SARS-CoV-2.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Trans amplifying mRNA vaccine expressing consensus spike elicits broad neutralization of SARS CoV 2 variants.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Article
- Balancing stability and function: impact of the surface charge of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike protein.Npj viruses · 2025Review
- Article
- Decoding the cross-immune pressure: Dengue's role in SARS-CoV-2 evolution.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2025Article
- Display of Native SARS-CoV-2 Spike on Mammalian Cells to Measure Antibody Affinity and ADCC.Bio-protocol · 2024Article
- Comparative assessment of a COVID-19 vaccine after technology transfer to Iran from critical quality attributes to clinical and immunogenicity aspects.Scientific reports · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
22 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 induces neutralizing antibodies and is the key component of current COVID-19 vaccines. The most efficacious COVID-19 vaccines are genetically-encoded spikes with a double proline substitution in the hinge region to stabilize S in the prefusion conformation (S-2P). A subunit vaccine can be a valuable addition to mRNA and viral vector-based vaccines but requires high stability of spike. In addition, further stabilization of the prefusion conformation of spike might improve immunogenicity. To test this, five spike proteins were designed and characterized, ranging from low to high stability. The immunogenicity of these proteins was assessed in mice, demonstrating that a spike (S-closed-2) with a high melting temperature, which still allowed ACE2 binding, induced the highest neutralization titers against homologous and heterologous strains (up to 16-fold higher than the least stabilized spike). In contrast, the most stable spike variant (S-locked), in which the receptor binding domains (RBDs) were locked in a closed conformation and thus not able to breathe, induced relatively low neutralizing antibody titers against heterologous strains. These data demonstrate that S protein stabilization with RBDs exposing highly conserved epitopes may be needed to increase the immunogenicity of spike proteins for future COVID-19 vaccines.
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