ArticleFrontiers in epidemiology2022
Modeling non-linear relationships in epidemiological data: The application and interpretation of spline models.
Article in Frontiers in epidemiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 68 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
68 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
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- Machine learning methods for predicting adverse drug events: A systematic review.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
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- Lifestyle and Metabolic Health, Low-Grade to Clinically Elevated Albuminuria, and Cardiovascular-Renal Diseases.JACC. Asia · 2026Article
- Nationwide organ volume distributions and cross-sectional age-associated differences in abdominal CT from Japan.Japanese journal of radiology · 2026Article
- Heat Exposure and Fall Accidents in Construction: Informing Occupational Safety and Health Policy in Korea.Safety and health at work · 2026Article
- Oral Frailty and Multidimensional Health Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults in China: A Cross-Sectional Study.Nutrients · 2026Article
- A Description of Temporal Trends and Age-Period-Cohort Effects in the Association Between Age at Menarche and Adult Obesity Among Women in the United States.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2026Article
- Serum Magnesium and Outcomes in U.S. Veterans with Heart Failure.The American journal of medicine · 2026Article
- Cefazolin Dose-Response-based Correlation of Weight With Orthopaedic Implant-related Surgical-site Infections.Annals of clinical epidemiology · 2026Article
- Article
- The Comprehensive Repair-Inflammation Index (CRII) Predicts Tooth Extraction After Chemoradiotherapy: A Continuous and Nonlinear Modeling Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Trends in prenatal alcohol use from 2001 to 2017 in the Northern Territory, Australia: a joinpoint regression analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Association of triglyceride-glucose index fluctuation with in-hospital all-cause mortality in critically ill patients: a multidatabase retrospective study.Scientific reports · 2026Observational
- Association of weekday sleep duration and estimated glucose disposal rate: the role of weekend catch-up sleep.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2026Article
- Provider networks for pulmonary hypertension in Massachusetts: implications for improving referrals to expert care.Annals of the American Thoracic Society · 2026Article
- U-shaped association between hemoglobin levels and cardiometabolic multimorbidity in older adults: a large-scale cross-sectional study.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Association of dietary inflammatory index and Chinese healthy eating index with abdominal obesity in kidney transplant recipients.Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition · 2026Article
- Investigating the dynamic association of multiple risk factors on cognitive impairment in older people: a retrospective cohort study in Baisha Town, Hepu County, China.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Delayed hospitalization for patients with hip fragility fracture increases mortality risk one year after surgery: a multicentre cohort study.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2026Article
8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Objective: Traditional methods to deal with non-linearity in regression analysis often result in loss of information or compromised interpretability of the results. A recommended but underutilized method for modeling non-linear associations in regression models is spline functions. We explain spline functions in a non-mathematical way and illustrate the application and interpretation to an empirical data example. Methods: Using data from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study, we examined the non-linear relationship between the sum of four skinfolds and VO Results: The spline models fitted the data better than the traditional methods. Increasing the number of knots in the LSP model increased the explained variance (from Conclusion: Spline functions should be considered more often as they are flexible and can be applied in commonly used regression analysis. RCS regression is generally recommended for prediction research (i.e., to obtain the predicted outcome for a specific exposure value), whereas LSP regression is recommended if one is interested in the effects in a population.
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