ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2024
Two-Year Longitudinal Study Reveals That Long COVID Symptoms Peak and Quality of Life Nadirs at 6-12 Months Postinfection.
Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Modulating subjective and objective cognitive state fatigue in long COVID with repetitive anodal tDCS: results from a double-blinded randomized controlled trial.BMC neuroscience · 2026Trial
- Acupressure and Qigong in post-infectious fatigue with impaired physical function: a randomized clinical trial.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Trial
- Feasibility and acceptance of transdermal auricular vagus nerve stimulation using a TENS device in females suffering from long COVID fatigue.Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2025Trial
- Vascular inflammation in neuropsychiatric long COVID.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Reframing ME/CFS: toward a unified mechanistic model of chronic post-infectious diseases.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Long COVID longitudinal symptoms burden clusters within a national community-based cohort.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Impact of long COVID on diverse Australian populations: a multi-site, longitudinal prospective cohort study protocol.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Symptom Trajectories and Long-Term Sequelae of COVID-19: A Matched Case-Control Study with Population-Based Controls.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Long-term sex differences in symptoms and immune profile in long COVID.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Latent brain-cognition dimension indicative of neuroinflammatory basis of Long COVID.Brain communications · 2026Article
- Decoding long COVID-associated cardiovascular dysfunction: Mechanisms, models, and new approach methodologies.Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology · 2025Review
- Assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life and Biomarkers in Long COVID: A 12-Month Longitudinal Feasibility Cohort.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Long COVID Longitudinal Symptoms Burden Clusters Within A National Community-Based Cohort.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for long COVID: a prospective registry.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Symptomatic Trends and Time to Recovery for Long COVID Patients Infected During the Omicron Phase.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Cytokine profiles associated with persisting symptoms of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19.The Korean journal of internal medicine · 2025Article
- Trajectories of Health-Related Quality of Life 2 Years After Mild/Moderate Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in the Pre-Omicron Era.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in Long COVID.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Article
- Evaluation of the Content Validity of the COVID-19 Symptoms Daily Diary.Patient related outcome measures · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Few longitudinal studies available characterize long COVID outcomes out to 24 months, especially in people with nonsevere acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study sought to prospectively characterize incidence and duration of long COVID symptoms and their association with quality of life (QoL) from 1-24 months after mild-to-moderate COVID-19 using validated tools in a diverse cohort of unvaccinated people infected with SARS-CoV-2 in 2020. Methods: At 1-3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months post-COVID-19, 70 participants had orthostatic vital signs measured, provided blood, and completed surveys characterizing symptoms, QoL, and return to pre-COVID-19 health and activities using validated tools (FLU-PRO+, Fatigue Severity Scale, Insomnia Severity Index, General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition, Patient Health Questionnaire Depression 8-Item, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item, 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, EuroQol EQ-5D-5L). Results: During the study period, 33% of participants experienced long COVID (had not returned to pre-COVID-19 health status and reported at least 1 symptom >90 days postinfection); 8% had not returned to their pre-COVID-19 health status 24 months postinfection. Long COVID symptoms peaked 6 months post-COVID-19, frequently causing activity limitations. Having long COVID was significantly associated with decreased QoL in multiple domains. Frequencies of orthostatic hypotension and tachycardia reflected levels reported in the general population. Within-person weight increased significantly between months 1 and 6. Long COVID was associated with pre-COVID-19 obesity and hyperlipidemia, but not with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels 1-3 months postinfection. Conclusions: Long COVID occurs in a significant proportion of unvaccinated people, even if the acute illness was not severe. Long COVID prevalence peaked 6-12 months post-COVID-19, and a small proportion of participants still reported not returning to their pre-COVID-19 health status 24 months post-COVID-19.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.