ReviewFrontiers in neuroscience2024
Exploring sex differences: insights into gene expression, neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, cognition, and pathology.
Review in Frontiers in neuroscience, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Sex- and gender-specific differences in treatment efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine: a scoping review.Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Pooled it
- Sexually Dimorphic Developmental Trajectories of Cortical and Subcortical Subfields in Early Childhood.International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience · 2026Article
- Biological sex differences in neurodegenerative diseases in Africa: a scoping review of evidence and research gaps.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Sex-specific neurological dysregulation may underpin distinctly different male and female behavioural phenotypes in a zebrafish model of autism spectrum disorder.Behavioral and brain functions : BBF · 2026Article
- Divergent transcriptomic pathways underlie sex-biased cognitive rescue by developmental GSK3B inhibition in a mouse model of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Gene × sex interactions on cognition in the Philadelphia neurodevelopmental cohort.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Neurological Effects ofNutrients · 2026Article
- An Investigation of the Correlation Between Total Intracranial Volume and Body Mass Index.Saudi medical journal · 2026Article
- Sex-specific changes in the hippocampal proteome of Negr1Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Sex chromosome-dependent epigenetic regulation underlies sex-specific H4 acetylation at the aromatase promoter in the developing mouse amygdala.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Before hormones: early sex-specific mechanisms shaping nervous system development, function, and postnatal disease susceptibility.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2026Review
- Review
- Central sensitisation in chronic low back pain: A cross-sectional study.Indian journal of anaesthesia · 2025Article
- Sex-Specific Gene Expression Differences in Varicose Veins.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Mechanisms Underlying Treatment-Resistant Depression: Exploring Sex-Based Biological Differences.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Review
- Sex-specific genetics underlie increased chronic pain risk in women: genome-wide association studies from the UK Biobank.British journal of anaesthesia · 2025Article
- RNA sequencing analysis identifies sex differences in transcriptional signatures in the dorsal striatum of female and male rats after withdrawal from methamphetamine self-administration.Neurochemistry international · 2025Article
- Recognition of Basic Emotions Through Facial Expressions in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.Revista de neurologia · 2025Article
- Sex-related differences and associated transcriptional signatures in the brain ventricular system and cerebrospinal fluid development in full-term neonates.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
- Leveraging research into sex differences and steroid hormones to improve brain health.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Increased knowledge about sex differences is important for development of individualized treatments against many diseases as well as understanding behavioral and pathological differences. This review summarizes sex chromosome effects on gene expression, epigenetics, and hormones in relation to the brain. We explore neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, cognition, and brain pathology aiming to explain the current state of the art. While some domains exhibit strong differences, others reveal subtle differences whose overall significance warrants clarification. We hope that the current review increases awareness and serves as a basis for the planning of future studies that consider both sexes equally regarding similarities and differences.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.