ArticleEnvironmental health and preventive medicine2024
Blood pressure, pulse rate, and skin temperature during hot-water bathing in real-world settings among community-dwelling older adults: the HEIJO-KYO Study.
Article in Environmental health and preventive medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Acute Heat Exposure-Related Illness: A Unified Emergency Medicine Framework for Hot Baths, Hot Springs, and Saunas-A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Japanese Adult Day Service Nurses' Bathing Decisions for Persons Requiring Long-Term Care: A Focused Ethnography.International journal of older people nursing · 2026Article
- Association between outdoor temperature and bath-related drowning deaths in Japan (1995-2020): modifying factors and the role of prefectural characteristics.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Bathing-related accidents requiring ambulance dispatches in relation to age and ambient temperature in Nagoya, Japan: differences between detached houses and apartment buildings.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Seasonal variations in bathtub drowning deaths and the impact of outdoor temperatures: a nationwide time-series analysis with future projections.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Forecasting daily bathtub-drowning mortality in Japan: a comparative analysis of statistical, machine learning, and deep learning approaches.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHome hot-tub bathing substantially increases drowning mortality rates among older adults in Japan. Previous laboratory studies on hemodynamic responses during hot-tub bathing have been inconsistent depending on the thermal conditions. Furthermore, real-world hemodynamic changes that occur during bathing remain poorly understood. This study investigated the association between individual thermal states and hemodynamic parameters during hot-tub bathing among community-dwelling older adults.
methodsIn this cross-sectional study conducted between January 2016 and April 2019, which involved 1,479 older adults (median [range] age, 68 [40-90] years), skin temperature on the abdominal surface was measured every minute. Ambulatory blood pressure and pulse rate were recorded at 15-min intervals for 24 h. Participants underwent simultaneous living room temperature measurements in their homes, and the time and methods of bathing were recorded. Associations between skin temperature and hemodynamic parameters during bathing and between the pre-bath living room temperature and in-bath maximum proximal skin temperature were evaluated using mixed-effects and linear regression models, respectively.
resultsA 1 °C increase in skin temperature was significantly associated with a 2.41 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.03-2.79) increase in systolic blood pressure and a 2.99 bpm (95% CI: 2.66-3.32) increase in pulse rate, after adjusting for potential confounders, including age, sex, body mass index, antihypertensive medication use, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and living room and outdoor temperatures. Significant interactions were not observed between sex and skin temperature in relation to systolic blood pressure and pulse rate (P = 0.088 and 0.490, respectively). One standard deviation lower living room temperature before bathing was significantly associated with a 0.41 °C (95% CI: 0.35-0.47) higher maximum skin temperature during bathing.
conclusionsOur findings suggest that pre-bath cold exposure may increase the skin temperature during hot-tub bathing, possibly resulting in excessive hemodynamic changes. This provides a framework for future interventions that utilize pre-bath thermal conditions and bathing environments to prevent bath-related deaths.
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